The mouse is the foremost mammalian model for studying human disease and human health. The mouse is small, making it an economical choice, and it also breeds very well. Scientists have amassed tremendous knowledge about mouse physiology, anatomy, and its genes, stemming from more than 100 years of working with them. More importantly, we can manipulate mouse genes; the mouse is among the first mammalian species to have its genes modified with molecular tools.
The ability to manipulate the mouse genome is what makes the mouse so relevant today. Now that we've sequenced both the human and mouse genomes, we know their usual molecular constitutions and how the sequences vary between individuals and between the two species. Even between two healthy people, there can be millions of small sequence and structure differences that help define who those people are as individuals.
Therefore, the remaining challenges in genomics remain formidable. Researchers are hard at work investigating what effects the millions of variations present in each genome have for health and disease. And while we cannot change our own genomes, we can change those of mice. Making small tweaks to individual mouse genes or even sequences within a specific gene allows scientists see what happens as a result. Moving forward, the mouse is essential for learning more about genomics and about ourselves.
JAX pioneered the use of mice in disease research, and its mice and research program have contributed to important medical breakthroughs ever since. Throughout, JAX has spearheaded the drive for increasing the accuracy and relevance of mouse-based biomedical research. It is imperative that mice are fully characterized for both genetics and traits and that the correct strain(s) are used for each research project.
Recent progress has made mouse models more useful and effective for biomedical research, not less. JAX has led the development of advanced mouse populations that model human genetic variability, providing nuanced results that show the range of responses seen in humans, such as to a new drug. Detailed information about human genetics can also be brought back to research, allowing scientists to precisely develop mouse models that have exactly the same genetic changes seen in patients. JAX bridges the gap between patients and mouse-based research, accelerating discovery and driving medical innovation.
Mice are the most commonly used animal model for studying human disease, and for many good reasons:
Many diseases can be modeled through the alteration of a specific gene central to a normal biological process. Thousands of disease models that have either arisen spontaneously in The Jackson Laboratory production colonies or that have been genetically engineered are available from The Jackson Laboratory.
Practically, mice are small, have a short generation time and an accelerated lifespan (one mouse year equals about 30 human years), keeping the costs, space and time required to perform research manageable. In addition to these clear benefits, the greatest advantages associated with using the mouse are:
Mice are the model of choice not just because they are strikingly similar to humans at the genomic level, but also because the pathophysiology of disease in mice is similar to that of humans. Mice are a cost-effective and efficient tool to speed research and drug testing.
These combinations of features provide researchers with a uniquely powerful tool for understanding the mechanisms of human disease and testing of novel drug therapies.