Dopamine-deficient (DA-deficient, DA-/-, or DD) mice are homozygous for the TH mutant allele and heterozygous for the DBH-TH mutant allele (Th-/-;DbhTh/+). While no expression from the TH mutant allele is observed in any tissues (resulting in deficiency of both dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE)), the DBH-TH mutant allele contains the TH coding sequence under the control of the endogenous DBH promoter region and restores TH expression in noradrenergic neurons. These DD mice may be useful in studying dopaminergic neurobiology (including neurotransmitters, addiction, feeding, learning and memory, catecholamines, and Parkinsonian phenotypes).
Claire Cannon, Marquette University
Genetic Background | Generation |
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|
Allele Type | Gene Symbol | Gene Name |
---|---|---|
Targeted (Null/Knockout) | Th | tyrosine hydroxylase |
Allele Type | Gene Symbol | Gene Name |
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Targeted | Dbh | dopamine beta hydroxylase |
Dopamine-deficient (DA-deficient, DA-/-, or DD) mice are homozygous for the TH mutant allele and heterozygous for the DBH-TH mutant allele (Th-/-; DbhTh/+). When maintained as congenic on a C57BL/6 genetic background, Th-/-; DbhTh/+ mice may exhibit declining birth rates and increased mortality (Hnasko et al 2007 J Neurosci 27:12484-8). Therefore, the colony at The Jackson Laboratory is maintained as heterozygous for both mutant alleles.
Mice heterozygous for both targeted mutations are viable and fertile. Dopamine-deficient (DA-deficient, DA-/-, or DD) mice are homozygous for the TH mutant allele and heterozygous for the DBH-TH mutant allele (Th-/-; DbhTh/+). While no expression from the TH mutant allele is observed in any tissues (resulting in deficiency of both dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE)), the DBH-TH mutant allele contains the TH coding sequence under the control of the endogenous DBH promoter region and restores TH expression in noradrenergic neurons. DD mice become hypoactive and hypophagic around two weeks of age and usually die before four weeks of age. Treatment with L-DOPA, the product of TH enzymatic activity, rescues size, feeding, and life span. These DD mice may be useful in studying dopaminergic neurobiology (including neurotransmitters, addiction, feeding, learning and memory, catecholamines, and Parkinsonian phenotypes).
NOTE: Th-/-; DbhTh/+ mice congenic on a C57BL/6 genetic background may exhibit declining birth rates and increased mortality (Hnasko et al 2007 J Neurosci 27:12484-8).
To generate the TH knockout allele , the pTH4 targeting vector was designed to replace the proximal promoter and first two exons of the Th locus with a PGK-neomycin resistance cassette. The construct was electroporated into 129S7/SvEvBrd-Hprt1+ derived AB1 embryonic stem (ES) cells. Correctly targeted ES cells were injected into recipient blastocysts and the resulting heterozygous mice were maintained on a C57BL/6/129S hybrid background.
To generate the DBH-TH mutant allele (DbhTh), the pDBH-TH vector was designed to insert the entire mouse Th coding region (including 1 kb sequence after the polyA site) and a neo cassette between exons 1 and 2 of the Dbh locus. The construct was electroporated into unspecified embryonic stem (ES) cells and heterozygous animals were obtained.
Next, mice heterozygous for the TH mutant allele (Th-/+) were bred with mice heterozygous for the DBH-TH mutant allele (DbhTh/+). The donating investigator reports that double mutant mice were subsequently backcrossed to C57BL/6J mice for several (9-14) generations prior to arrival at The Jackson Laboratory. Upon arrival, mutant mice were bred with C57BL/6J inbred mice (Stock No. 000664) for at least one generation to establish the colony.
A 27 SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) panel analysis performed by The Jackson Laboratory revealed the mice to be ~85% C57BL/6 genetic background; 4 of 27 markers were segregating for C57BL/6 or 129S allele-type markers (on chromosomes 2, 3, 8 and 11). These data suggest that, prior to arrival at the Jackson Laboratory, the mice were not backcrossed to C57BL/6 for as many generations as originally reported.
Expressed Gene | Th, tyrosine hydroxylase, mouse, laboratory |
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Site of Expression |
Allele Name | targeted mutation 1, Richard D Palmiter |
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Allele Type | Targeted (Null/Knockout) |
Allele Synonym(s) | DA-; pTH4; TH- |
Gene Symbol and Name | Th, tyrosine hydroxylase |
Gene Synonym(s) | |
Strain of Origin | 129S7/SvEvBrd-Hprt+ |
Chromosome | 7 |
Molecular Note | A neomycin selection cassette replaced the proximal promoter and exons 1 and 2. |
Allele Name | targeted mutation 2, Richard D Palmiter |
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Allele Type | Targeted |
Allele Synonym(s) | DbhTh; DBH-TH- |
Gene Symbol and Name | Dbh, dopamine beta hydroxylase |
Gene Synonym(s) | |
Expressed Gene | Th, tyrosine hydroxylase, mouse, laboratory |
Strain of Origin | Not Specified |
Chromosome | 2 |
Molecular Note | The entire Th coding region, including 1kb sequence after the polyadenylation site and a neomycin resistance cassette, was inserted between exons 1 and 2 of the Dbh gene. |
When maintaining a live colony, mice heterozygous for both targeted alleles may be bred together. DD mice (homozygous for the TH mutant allele and heterozygous for the DBH-TH mutant allele; Th-/-;DbhTh/+) become hypoactive and hypophagic around two weeks of age and usually die before 4 weeks of age. Further backcrossing to the C57BL/6 genetic background may result in declining birth rates and increased mortality of DD mice.
When using the B6;129-Dbhtm2(Th)Rpa Thtm1Rpa/J mouse strain in a publication, please cite the originating article(s) and include JAX stock #009688 in your Materials and Methods section.
Facility Barrier Level Descriptions
Service/Product | Description | Price |
---|---|---|
Heterozygous or Wild-Type for Dbh<tm2(Th)Rpa> , Heterozygous or Wild-Type for Th<tm1Rpa> |
Frozen Mouse Embryo | B6;129-Dbh<tm2(Th)Rpa> Th<tm1Rpa>/J Frozen Embryo | $2595.00 |
Frozen Mouse Embryo | B6;129-Dbh<tm2(Th)Rpa> Th<tm1Rpa>/J Frozen Embryo | $2595.00 |
Frozen Mouse Embryo | B6;129-Dbh<tm2(Th)Rpa> Th<tm1Rpa>/J Frozen Embryo | $3373.50 |
Frozen Mouse Embryo | B6;129-Dbh<tm2(Th)Rpa> Th<tm1Rpa>/J Frozen Embryo | $3373.50 |
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