adipose tissue phenotype

• abnormal adipocyte glucose uptake
  • on a regular diet, mice exhibit a decrease in white adipose tissue (WAT) glucose uptake, however on a high-fat diet, uptake is increased so that the difference of glucose uptake in comparison to wild-type on a high-fat diet is eliminated
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)

• decreased brown adipose tissue amount
  • brown adipose tissue is disproportionally smaller in mice on a regular diet
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)

• decreased total body fat amount
  • on a regular diet, adiposity is reduced with unaltered glucose handling and normal insulin sensitivity
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)
  • however when fed a high-fat diet, mice show a similar increase in overall adiposity as controls
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)

• decreased white adipose tissue amount
  • white adipose tissue from gonadal fat pads is disproportionately smaller in mice on a regular diet
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

• decreased circulating insulin level
  • Normal - however, normal serum insulin levels when fed a regular diet
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)
  • mice on a high-fat diet exhibit lower serum insulin levels during the first 60 min of the glucose tolerance test
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)

• abnormal metabolism
  • Normal - however, body temperature, food intake and activity levels are similar to wild-type mice
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)
  • males on a regular diet exhibit higher oxygen consumption, with an approximate 9% increase in the total metabolic rate
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)

• improved glucose tolerance
  • Normal - normal glucose sensitivity on a regular diet
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)
  • mice exhibit improved glucose tolerance on a high-fat diet compared to wild-type mice on the same diet
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)
  • mutants on a high-fat diet are normoglycemic
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)

• hypoglycemia
  • overnight starvation leads to complete hepatic glycogen depletion, associated with hypoketotic hypoglycemia
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)

• decreased liver glycogen level
  • overnight starvation leads to complete hepatic glycogen depletion compared to partial depletion in wild-type liver and absence of restoration of hepatic glycogen content
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)
  • decrease in glycogen deposition in the liver
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)

• decreased susceptibility to diet-induced obesity
  • mice are protected against high-fat-diet induced obesity, showing weight gain that is delayed and at a reduced rate; mice require 7 additional weeks of high-fat diet to reach the original weight of the wild-type mice
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)

• increased circulating adiponectin level
  • males on a regular diet show a 1.6-fold higher level of serum adiponectin
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)

• increased energy expenditure
  • males on a regular diet exhibit 10% increase in total energy expenditure
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)

liver/biliary system phenotype

• abnormal liver physiology
  • overnight starvation results in increased hepatocellular autophagy (increase in autophagic vacuoles in the liver) and increased glycogen synthase levels
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)

• decreased liver glycogen level
  • decrease in glycogen deposition in the liver
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)
  • overnight starvation leads to complete hepatic glycogen depletion compared to partial depletion in wild-type liver and absence of restoration of hepatic glycogen content
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)

• decreased susceptibility to hepatic steatosis
  • mice show resistance to hepatic steatosis after chronic exposure to a high-fat diet, however hepatic glucose uptake is not altered
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)

mortality/aging

• postnatal lethality
  • only 17% of the expected 25% of pups were observed
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)

cellular phenotype

• abnormal adipocyte glucose uptake
  • on a regular diet, mice exhibit a decrease in white adipose tissue (WAT) glucose uptake, however on a high-fat diet, uptake is increased so that the difference of glucose uptake in comparison to wild-type on a high-fat diet is eliminated
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)

growth/size/body region phenotype

• decreased susceptibility to diet-induced obesity
  • mice are protected against high-fat-diet induced obesity, showing weight gain that is delayed and at a reduced rate; mice require 7 additional weeks of high-fat diet to reach the original weight of the wild-type mice
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)

• decreased body weight
  • decrease in body weight is observed at 32 weeks of age but not at 6 weeks of age
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)
  • 9% reduction in body weight at 32 weeks of age when fed a regular diet
  (MGI Ref ID J:163905)