JAX
Mouse Strain Datasheet - 008820
FVB.B-WldS/UmonJ
This Wlds spontaneous mutant mouse strain may be useful in studies of peripheral nerve regeneration and neurodegenerative disorders.
Donating Investigator
Umrao R Monani, Columbia University Medical Center
Genetic overview
| Genetic Background | Generation |
|---|---|
|
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Wlds
| Allele Type | Gene Symbol | Gene Name |
|---|---|---|
| Spontaneous | Wld | wallerian degeneration |
Detailed Description
The Wallerian degeneration slow spontaneous mutation, Wlds arose on the C57BL/Ola background. On the congenic FVB/N background, mice that are homozygous for this mutation exhibit delayed Wallerian degeneration compared to wildtype controls. Wallerian degeneration is the process of degeneration, after transection, of axons distal to the sever site of a peripheral nerve, and includes infiltration of macrophages, demyelination and initiation of Schwann cell mitosis. The Wlds mutation is widely expressed and is detected in neural tissue.
Development
The Wallerian degeneration slow spontaneous mutation, Wlds arose on the C57BL/Ola background. The Donating Investigator backcrossed the mice to FVB/N for 9 generations and notes that there are incidental mutant loci. Upon arrival at The Jackson Laboratory the mice were crossed with FVB/NJ at least once to establish the colony and the resulting offspring carrying only the Wlds allele were selectively bred to establish this strain.
Control Suggestions
Selected References
- Kariya S; Mauricio R; Dai Y; Monani UR. 2009. The neuroprotective factor Wld(s) fails to mitigate distal axonal and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) defects in mouse models of spinal muscular atrophy. Neurosci Lett 449(3):246-51. PubMed: 19010394MGI: J:146336
- Lyon MF; Ogunkolade BW; Brown MC; Atherton DJ; Perry VH. 1993. A gene affecting Wallerian nerve degeneration maps distally on mouse chromosome 4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90(20):9717-20. PubMed: 8415768MGI: J:15229
Wlds
Allele Symbol: Wlds
| Allele Name | Wallerian degeneration slow |
|---|---|
| Allele Type | Spontaneous |
| Allele Synonym(s) | Wlds |
| Gene Symbol and Name | Wld, wallerian degeneration |
| Gene Synonym(s) | Wlds |
| Strain of Origin | C57BL/6Ola |
| Chromosome | 4 |
| Molecular Note | The underlying mutation is an 85-kb tandem triplication on chromosome 4. This triplication results in the expression of an abnormal transcript that encodes a fusion of the N-terminal fragment of ubiquitination factor E4B (Ube4b) fused to nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 (Nmnat1). |
| Mutations Made By | Umrao Monani, Columbia University Medical Center |
Disease Terms
Research Areas By Genotype
This mouse can be used to support research in many areas including:
- Neurobiology Research
- Myelination Defects
- peripheral neuropathy
- Neurodegeneration
- Parkinson's Disease
- resistance to MPTP
- Myelination Defects
Mammalian Phenotype Terms by Genotype
The following phenotype information is associated with a similar, but not exact match to this JAX® Mice strain
Genotype: Wlds/Wlds
C57BL/6Ola-Wlds
nervous system phenotype
- abnormal peripheral nervous system regeneration
- the rate of regeneration and recovery of function after facial nerve crush is delayed compared to C57BL/6J mice, as observed by vibrissae movement (MGI Ref ID J:12834)
- the rate of regeneration and recovery of function after sciatic nerve crush is delayed and incomplete compared to C57BL/6J mice, as determined by sciatic functional index (SFI) using measurments of walking ability and by measurments of axonal transport (MGI Ref ID J:12834)
- the rate of regeneration and recovery of motor function in the soleus muscle after a crush of the sciatic nerve is similar in mutant mice and controls, with a slight delay in recovery of normal conduction velocity in mutant mice (MGI Ref ID J:19951)
- retinal ganglion cell degeneration
- while retinal ganglion cells undergo retrograde degeneration in response to optic nerve injury, they do so at a much slower rate than in other strains (MGI Ref ID J:19950)
- slow Wallerian degeneration
- (MGI Ref ID J:15229)
- 1 year old C57BL/Ola mice showed faster Wallerian degeneration than 4 week old mice, with compund action potentials recorded in a distal nerve stump 5 days after section in 4 week old mutant mice, but not 1 year old mutant mice (MGI Ref ID J:3359)
- 5 days after severing the sciatic nerve, mice show slow Wallerian degeneration evidenced by an intact cytoskeleton and plasma membrane, while control mice show a destruction of cytoarchitecture in the distal portion of the severed nerve (MGI Ref ID J:19951)
- following optic nerve transection, the axons of retinal ganglion cells undergo very slow Wallerian degeneration (MGI Ref ID J:19950)
- in addition, the distal portions of mutant severed nerves show an ability to conduct action potentials up to 14 days post section, while control nerves stop conducting 2 days after the nerve is cut (MGI Ref ID J:19951)
- invasion by polymorphs and macrophages of the distal portion of the severed nerve is not observed in mutant mice, resulting in an absence of myelin breakdown; controls show an increase in myeloperoxidase positive cells and Schwann cell proliferation within 3 days of sectionn 3 days of section (MGI Ref ID J:19951)
vision/eye phenotype
- retinal ganglion cell degeneration
- while retinal ganglion cells undergo retrograde degeneration in response to optic nerve injury, they do so at a much slower rate than in other strains (MGI Ref ID J:19950)
homeostasis/metabolism phenotype
- slow Wallerian degeneration
- (MGI Ref ID J:15229)
- 1 year old C57BL/Ola mice showed faster Wallerian degeneration than 4 week old mice, with compund action potentials recorded in a distal nerve stump 5 days after section in 4 week old mutant mice, but not 1 year old mutant mice (MGI Ref ID J:3359)
- 5 days after severing the sciatic nerve, mice show slow Wallerian degeneration evidenced by an intact cytoskeleton and plasma membrane, while control mice show a destruction of cytoarchitecture in the distal portion of the severed nerve (MGI Ref ID J:19951)
- following optic nerve transection, the axons of retinal ganglion cells undergo very slow Wallerian degeneration (MGI Ref ID J:19950)
- in addition, the distal portions of mutant severed nerves show an ability to conduct action potentials up to 14 days post section, while control nerves stop conducting 2 days after the nerve is cut (MGI Ref ID J:19951)
- invasion by polymorphs and macrophages of the distal portion of the severed nerve is not observed in mutant mice, resulting in an absence of myelin breakdown; controls show an increase in myeloperoxidase positive cells and Schwann cell proliferation within 3 days of sectionn 3 days of section (MGI Ref ID J:19951)
References
- Kariya S; Mauricio R; Dai Y; Monani UR. 2009. The neuroprotective factor Wld(s) fails to mitigate distal axonal and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) defects in mouse models of spinal muscular atrophy. Neurosci Lett 449(3):246-51. PubMed: 19010394MGI: J:146336
- Lyon MF; Ogunkolade BW; Brown MC; Atherton DJ; Perry VH. 1993. A gene affecting Wallerian nerve degeneration maps distally on mouse chromosome 4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90(20):9717-20. PubMed: 8415768MGI: J:15229
Additional - Wlds related
- Babetto E; Beirowski B; Janeckova L; Brown R; Gilley J; Thomson D; Ribchester RR; Coleman MP. 2010. Targeting NMNAT1 to axons and synapses transforms its neuroprotective potency in vivo. J Neurosci 30(40):13291-304. PubMed: 20926655MGI: J:165098
- Barrientos SA; Martinez NW; Yoo S; Jara JS; Zamorano S; Hetz C; Twiss JL; Alvarez J; Court FA. 2011. Axonal degeneration is mediated by the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. J Neurosci 31(3):966-78. PubMed: 21248121MGI: J:180833
- Beirowski B; Adalbert R; Wagner D; Grumme DS; Addicks K; Ribchester RR; Coleman MP. 2005. The progressive nature of Wallerian degeneration in wild-type and slow Wallerian degeneration (WldS) nerves. BMC Neurosci 6(1):6. PubMed: 15686598MGI: J:96660
- Benavides E; Alvarez J. 1998. Peripheral axons of Wlds mice, which regenerate after a delay of several weeks, do so readily when transcription is inhibited in the distal stump. Neurosci Lett 258(2):77-80. PubMed: 9875531MGI: J:107953
- Bisby MA; Chen S. 1990. Delayed wallerian degeneration in sciatic nerves of C57BL/Ola mice is associated with impaired regeneration of sensory axons. Brain Res 530(1):117-20. PubMed: 2271939MGI: J:20054
- Bisby MA; Tetzlaff W; Brown MC. 1995. Cell body response to injury in motoneurons and primary sensory neurons of a mutant mouse, Ola (Wld), in which Wallerian degeneration is delayed. J Comp Neurol 359(4):653-62. PubMed: 7499554MGI: J:28427
- Bridge KE; Berg N; Adalbert R; Babetto E; Dias T; Spillantini MG; Ribchester RR; Coleman MP. 2009. Late onset distal axonal swelling in YFP-H transgenic mice. Neurobiol Aging 30(2):309-21. PubMed: 17658198MGI: J:145817
- Brown KD; Maqsood S; Huang JY; Pan Y; Harkcom W; Li W; Sauve A; Verdin E; Jaffrey SR. 2014. Activation of SIRT3 by the NAD(+) precursor nicotinamide riboside protects from noise-induced hearing loss. Cell Metab 20(6):1059-68. PubMed: 25470550MGI: J:219488
- Brown MC; Lunn ER; Perry VH. 1992. Consequences of slow Wallerian degeneration for regenerating motor and sensory axons. J Neurobiol 23(5):521-36. PubMed: 1431835MGI: J:19952
- Brown MC; Perry VH; Hunt SP; Lapper SR. 1994. Further studies on motor and sensory nerve regeneration in mice with delayed Wallerian degeneration. Eur J Neurosci 6(3):420-8. PubMed: 8019679MGI: J:19071
- Brown R; Hynes-Allen A; Swan AJ; Dissanayake KN; Gillingwater TH; Ribchester RR. 2015. Activity-dependent degeneration of axotomized neuromuscular synapses in Wld S mice. Neuroscience 290:300-20. PubMed: 25617654MGI: J:221430
- Bruck W; Bruck Y; Maruschak B; Friede RL. 1995. Mechanisms of macrophage recruitment in Wallerian degeneration. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 89(4):363-7. PubMed: 7610768MGI: J:24901
- Buckmaster EA; Perry VH; Brown MC. 1995. The rate of Wallerian degeneration in cultured neurons from wild type and C57BL/WldS mice depends on time in culture and may be extended in the presence of elevated K+ levels. Eur J Neurosci 7(7):1596-602. PubMed: 7551186MGI: J:28663
- Carroll SL; Frohnert PW. 1998. Expression of JE (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) is induced by sciatic axotomy in wild type rodents but not in C57BL/Wld(s) mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 57(10):915-30. PubMed: 9786242MGI: J:51583
- Chen S; Bisby MA. 1993. Impaired motor axon regeneration in the C57BL/Ola mouse. J Comp Neurol 333(3):449-54. PubMed: 8349851MGI: J:12834
- Chen S; Bisby MA. 1993. Long-term consequences of impaired regeneration on facial motoneurons in the C57BL/Ola mouse. J Comp Neurol 335(4):576-85. PubMed: 8227536MGI: J:14468
- Cheng HC; Burke RE. 2010. The Wld(S) mutation delays anterograde, but not retrograde, axonal degeneration of the dopaminergic nigro-striatal pathway in vivo. J Neurochem 113(3):683-91. PubMed: 20132467MGI: J:159922
- Chitnis T; Imitola J; Wang Y; Elyaman W; Chawla P; Sharuk M; Raddassi K; Bronson RT; Khoury SJ. 2007. Elevated Neuronal Expression of CD200 Protects Wlds Mice from Inflammation-Mediated Neurodegeneration. Am J Pathol 170(5):1695-1712. PubMed: 17456775MGI: J:121079
- Colak D; Ji SJ; Porse BT; Jaffrey SR. 2013. Regulation of axon guidance by compartmentalized nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Cell 153(6):1252-65. PubMed: 23746841MGI: J:198412
- Coleman MP; Conforti L; Buckmaster EA; Tarlton A; Ewing RM; Brown MC ; Lyon MF ; Perry VH. 1998. An 85-kb tandem triplication in the slow Wallerian degeneration (Wlds) mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95(17):9985-90. PubMed: 9707587MGI: J:49401
- Collyer E; Catenaccio A; Lemaitre D; Diaz P; Valenzuela V; Bronfman F; Court FA. 2014. Sprouting of axonal collaterals after spinal cord injury is prevented by delayed axonal degeneration. Exp Neurol 261:451-61. PubMed: 25079366MGI: J:217565
- Conforti L; Fang G; Beirowski B; Wang MS; Sorci L; Asress S; Adalbert R; Silva A; Bridge K; Huang XP; Magni G; Glass JD; Coleman MP. 2007. NAD(+) and axon degeneration revisited: Nmnat1 cannot substitute for Wld(S) to delay Wallerian degeneration. Cell Death Differ 14(1):116-27. PubMed: 16645633MGI: J:132236
- Conforti L; Tarlton A; Mack TG; Mi W; Buckmaster EA; Wagner D; Perry VH; Coleman MP. 2000. A Ufd2/D4Cole1e chimeric protein and overexpression of rbp7 in the slow wallerian degeneration (WldS) mouse Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97(21):11377-82. PubMed: 11027338MGI: J:65178
- Conforti L; Wilbrey A; Morreale G; Janeckova L; Beirowski B; Adalbert R; Mazzola F; Di Stefano M; Hartley R; Babetto E; Smith T; Gilley J; Billington RA; Genazzani AA; Ribchester RR; Magni G; Coleman M. 2009. Wld S protein requires Nmnat activity and a short N-terminal sequence to protect axons in mice. J Cell Biol 184(4):491-500. PubMed: 19237596MGI: J:163222
- Crawford TO; Hsieh ST; Schryer BL; Glass JD. 1995. Prolonged axonal survival in transected nerves of C57BL/Ola mice is independent of age. J Neurocytol 24(5):333-40. PubMed: 7650538MGI: J:29607
- DeFrancesco-Lisowitz A; Lindborg JA; Niemi JP; Zigmond RE. 2015. The neuroimmunology of degeneration and regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. Neuroscience 302:174-203. PubMed: 25242643MGI: J:226307
- Deckwerth TL; Johnson EM Jr. 1994. Neurites can remain viable after destruction of the neuronal soma by programmed cell death (apoptosis). Dev Biol 165(1):63-72. PubMed: 8088451MGI: J:20324
- Edgar JM; McLaughlin M; Werner HB; McCulloch MC; Barrie JA; Brown A; Faichney AB; Snaidero N; Nave KA; Griffiths IR. 2009. Early ultrastructural defects of axons and axon-glia junctions in mice lacking expression of Cnp1. Glia 57(16):1815-24. PubMed: 19459211MGI: J:156196
- Edgar JM; McLaughlin M; Yool D; Zhang SC; Fowler JH; Montague P; Barrie JA; McCulloch MC; Duncan ID; Garbern J; Nave KA; Griffiths IR. 2004. Oligodendroglial modulation of fast axonal transport in a mouse model of hereditary spastic paraplegia. J Cell Biol 166(1):121-31. PubMed: 15226307MGI: J:146664
- Fang C; Bernardes-Silva M; Coleman MP; Perry VH. 2005. The cellular distribution of the Wld s chimeric protein and its constituent proteins in the CNS. Neuroscience 135(4):1107-18. PubMed: 16154290MGI: J:104537
- Fernandes KA; Harder JM; John SW; Shrager P; Libby RT. 2014. DLK-dependent signaling is important for somal but not axonal degeneration of retinal ganglion cells following axonal injury. Neurobiol Dis 69:108-16. PubMed: 24878510MGI: J:214369
- Fernando FS; Conforti L; Tosi S; Smith AD; Coleman MP. 2002. Human homologue of a gene mutated in the slow Wallerian degeneration (C57BL/Wld(s)) mouse. Gene 284(1-2):23-9. PubMed: 11891043MGI: J:75678
- Ferri A; Sanes JR; Coleman MP; Cunningham JM; Kato AC. 2003. Inhibiting axon degeneration and synapse loss attenuates apoptosis and disease progression in a mouse model of motoneuron disease. Curr Biol 13(8):669-73. PubMed: 12699624MGI: J:82989
- Fischer LR; Culver DG; Davis AA; Tennant P; Wang M; Coleman M; Asress S; Adalbert R; Alexander GM; Glass JD. 2005. The WldS gene modestly prolongs survival in the SOD1G93A fALS mouse. Neurobiol Dis 19(1-2):293-300. PubMed: 15837585MGI: J:105092
- Fox GB; Faden AI. 1998. Traumatic brain injury causes delayed motor and cognitive impairment in a mutant mouse strain known to exhibit delayed Wallerian degeneration. J Neurosci Res 53(6):718-27. PubMed: 9753199MGI: J:49970
- Fruttiger M; Schachner M; Martini R. 1995. Tenascin-C expression during wallerian degeneration in C57BL/Wlds mice: possible implications for axonal regeneration. J Neurocytol 24(1):1-14. PubMed: 7539482MGI: J:23234
- Fujiki M; Zhang Z; Guth L; Steward O. 1996. Genetic influences on cellular reactions to spinal cord injury: activation of macrophages/microglia and astrocytes is delayed in mice carrying a mutation (WldS) that causes delayed Wallerian degeneration. J Comp Neurol 371(3):469-84. PubMed: 8842900MGI: J:34447
- Gallardo G; Schluter OM; Sudhof TC. 2008. A molecular pathway of neurodegeneration linking alpha-synuclein to ApoE and Abeta peptides. Nat Neurosci 11(3):301-8. PubMed: 18297066MGI: J:131733
- Gilley J; Adalbert R; Yu G; Coleman MP. 2013. Rescue of Peripheral and CNS Axon Defects in Mice Lacking NMNAT2. J Neurosci 33(33):13410-24. PubMed: 23946398MGI: J:200901
- Gillingwater TH; Ingham CA; Coleman MP; Ribchester RR. 2003. Ultrastructural correlates of synapse withdrawal at axotomized neuromuscular junctions in mutant and transgenic mice expressing the Wld gene. J Anat 203(3):265-76. PubMed: 14529044MGI: J:85517
- Gillingwater TH; Thomson D; Mack TG; Soffin EM; Mattison RJ; Coleman MP; Ribchester RR. 2002. Age-dependent synapse withdrawal at axotomised neuromuscular junctions in Wld(s) mutant and Ube4b/Nmnat transgenic mice. J Physiol 543(Pt 3):739-55. PubMed: 12231635MGI: J:134176
- Gillingwater TH; Wishart TM; Chen PE; Haley JE; Robertson K; MacDonald SH; Middleton S; Wawrowski K; Shipston MJ; Melmed S; Wyllie DJ; Skehel PA; Coleman MP; Ribchester RR. 2006. The neuroprotective WldS gene regulates expression of PTTG1 and erythroid differentiation regulator 1-like gene in mice and human cells. Hum Mol Genet 15(4):625-35. PubMed: 16403805MGI: J:106762
- Glass JD; Brushart TM; George EB; Griffin JW. 1993. Prolonged survival of transected nerve fibres in C57BL/Ola mice is an intrinsic characteristic of the axon. J Neurocytol 22(5):311-21. PubMed: 8315413MGI: J:13150
- Glass JD; Nash N; Dry I; Culver D; Levey AI; Wesselingh S. 1998. Cloning of m-calpain 80 kD subunit from the axonal degeneration-resistant WLD(S) mouse mutant. J Neurosci Res 52(6):653-60. PubMed: 9669314MGI: J:48477
- Glass JD; Schryer BL; Griffin JW. 1994. Calcium-mediated degeneration of the axonal cytoskeleton in the Ola mouse. J Neurochem 62(6):2472-5. PubMed: 8189250MGI: J:18130
- Gultner S; Laue M; Riemer C; Heise I; Baier M. 2009. Prion disease development in slow Wallerian degeneration (Wld(S)) mice. Neurosci Lett 456(2):93-8. PubMed: 19429141MGI: J:150443
- Hasbani DM; O'Malley KL. 2006. Wld(S) mice are protected against the Parkinsonian mimetic MPTP. Exp Neurol 202(1):93-9. PubMed: 16806180MGI: J:114431
- Howell GR; Libby RT; Jakobs TC; Smith RS; Phalan FC; Barter JW; Barbay JM; Marchant JK; Mahesh N; Porciatti V; Whitmore AV; Masland RH; John SW. 2007. Axons of retinal ganglion cells are insulted in the optic nerve early in DBA/2J glaucoma. J Cell Biol 179(7):1523-37. PubMed: 18158332MGI: J:131073
- Jacob JE; Gris P; Fehlings MG; Weaver LC; Brown A. 2003. Autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord transection or compression in 129Sv, C57BL, and Wallerian degeneration slow mutant mice. Exp Neurol 183(1):136-46. PubMed: 12957497MGI: J:85335
- Kaneko S; Wang J; Kaneko M; Yiu G; Hurrell JM; Chitnis T; Khoury SJ; He Z. 2006. Protecting axonal degeneration by increasing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models. J Neurosci 26(38):9794-804. PubMed: 16988050MGI: J:112702
- Kerschensteiner M; Schwab ME; Lichtman JW; Misgeld T. 2005. In vivo imaging of axonal degeneration and regeneration in the injured spinal cord. Nat Med 11(5):572-7. PubMed: 15821747MGI: J:133553
- Lapper SR; Brown MC; Perry VH. 1994. Motor neuron death induced by axotomy in neonatal mice occurs more slowly in a mutant strain in which Wallerian degeneration is very slow. Eur J Neurosci 6(3):473-7. PubMed: 8019683MGI: J:19864
- Lunn ER; Perry VH; Brown MC; Rosen H; Gordon S. 1989. Absence of Wallerian Degeneration does not Hinder Regeneration in Peripheral Nerve Eur J Neurosci 1(1):27-33. PubMed: 12106171MGI: J:19951
- Mack TG; Reiner M; Beirowski B; Mi W; Emanuelli M; Wagner D; Thomson D; Gillingwater T; Court F; Conforti L; Fernando FS; Tarlton A; Andressen C; Addicks K; Magni G; Ribchester RR; Perry VH; Coleman MP. 2001. Wallerian degeneration of injured axons and synapses is delayed by a Ube4b/Nmnat chimeric gene. Nat Neurosci 4(12):1199-206. PubMed: 11770485MGI: J:72936
- Mi W; Beirowski B; Gillingwater TH; Adalbert R; Wagner D; Grumme D; Osaka H; Conforti L; Arnhold S; Addicks K; Wada K; Ribchester RR; Coleman MP. 2005. The slow Wallerian degeneration gene, WldS, inhibits axonal spheroid pathology in gracile axonal dystrophy mice. Brain 128(Pt 2):405-16. PubMed: 15644421MGI: J:157300
- Mi W; Glass JD; Coleman MP. 2003. Stable inheritance of an 85-kb triplication in C57BL/WldS mice. Mutat Res 526(1-2):33-7. PubMed: 12714180MGI: J:83200
- Muthing J. 1997. Neutral glycosphingolipids and gangliosides from spleen T lymphoblasts of genetically different inbred mouse strains. Glycoconj J 14(2):241-8. PubMed: 9111141MGI: J:39927
- Niemi JP; DeFrancesco-Lisowitz A; Roldan-Hernandez L; Lindborg JA; Mandell D; Zigmond RE. 2013. A critical role for macrophages near axotomized neuronal cell bodies in stimulating nerve regeneration. J Neurosci 33(41):16236-48. PubMed: 24107955MGI: J:202755
- Osterloh JM; Yang J; Rooney TM; Fox AN; Adalbert R; Powell EH; Sheehan AE; Avery MA; Hackett R; Logan MA; MacDonald JM; Ziegenfuss JS; Milde S; Hou YJ; Nathan C; Ding A; Brown RH Jr; Conforti L; Coleman M; Tessier-Lavigne M; Zuchner S; Freeman MR. 2012. dSarm/Sarm1 is required for activation of an injury-induced axon death pathway. Science 337(6093):481-4. PubMed: 22678360MGI: J:185791
- Oyebode OR; Hartley R; Singhota J; Thomson D; Ribchester RR. 2012. Differential protection of neuromuscular sensory and motor axons and their endings in Wld(S) mutant mice. Neuroscience 200:142-58. PubMed: 22062136MGI: J:184430
- Parson SH; Mackintosh CL; Ribchester RR. 1997. Elimination of motor nerve terminals in neonatal mice expressing a gene for slow wallerian degeneration (C57Bl/Wlds). Eur J Neurosci 9(8):1586-92. PubMed: 9283813MGI: J:43115
- Perry VH; Brown MC; Lunn ER. 1991. Very slow retrograde and Wallerian degeneration in the CNS of C57BL/Ola mice Eur J Neurosci 3(1):102-5. PubMed: 12106273MGI: J:19950
- Perry VH; Brown MC; Tsao JW. 1992. The Effectiveness of the Gene Which Slows the Rate of Wallerian Degeneration in C57BL/Ola Mice Declines with Age Eur J Neurosci 4(10):1000-1002. PubMed: 12106435MGI: J:3359
- Perry VH; Lunn ER; Brown MC; Cahusac S; Gordon S. 1990. Evidence that the rate of Wallerian degeneration is controlled by a single autosomal dominant gene Eur J Neurosci 2(5):408-13. PubMed: 12106028MGI: J:19949
- Reichert F; Saada A; Rotshenker S. 1994. Peripheral nerve injury induces Schwann cells to express two macrophage phenotypes: phagocytosis and the galactose-specific lectin MAC-2. J Neurosci 14(5 Pt 2):3231-45. PubMed: 8182468MGI: J:18090
- Ribchester RR; Tsao JW; Barry JA; Asgari-Jirhandeh N; Perry VH; Brown MC. 1995. Persistence of neuromuscular junctions after axotomy in mice with slow Wallerian degeneration (C57BL/WldS). Eur J Neurosci 7(7):1641-50. PubMed: 7551190MGI: J:28664
- Rose FF Jr; Meehan PW; Coady TH; Garcia VB; Garcia ML; Lorson CL. 2008. The Wallerian degeneration slow (Wld(s)) gene does not attenuate disease in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 375(1):119-23. PubMed: 18680723MGI: J:140130
- Roussarie JP; Ruffie C; Edgar JM; Griffiths I; Brahic M. 2007. Axon myelin transfer of a non-enveloped virus. PLoS One 2(12):e1331. PubMed: 18159229MGI: J:129297
- Sajadi A; Schneider BL; Aebischer P. 2004. Wlds-mediated protection of dopaminergic fibers in an animal model of Parkinson disease. Curr Biol 14(4):326-30. PubMed: 14972684MGI: J:88312
- Samsam M; Mi W; Wessig C; Zielasek J; Toyka KV; Coleman MP; Martini R. 2003. The Wlds mutation delays robust loss of motor and sensory axons in a genetic model for myelin-related axonopathy. J Neurosci 23(7):2833-9. PubMed: 12684470MGI: J:82823
- Schafer M; Fruttiger M; Montag D; Schachner M; Martini R. 1996. Disruption of the gene for the myelin-associated glycoprotein improves axonal regrowth along myelin in C57BL/Wlds mice. Neuron 16(6):1107-13. PubMed: 8663987MGI: J:33761
- Schauwecker PE; Steward O. 1997. Genetic influences on cellular reactions to brain injury: activation of microglia in denervated neuropil in mice carrying a mutation (Wld(S)) that causes delayed Wallerian degeneration. J Comp Neurol 380(1):82-94. PubMed: 9073084MGI: J:39228
- Sheline CT; Cai AL; Zhu J; Shi C. 2010. Serum or target deprivation-induced neuronal death causes oxidative neuronal accumulation of Zn2+ and loss of NAD+. Eur J Neurosci 32(6):894-904. PubMed: 20722716MGI: J:171779
- Shen H; Hyrc KL; Goldberg MP. 2013. Maintaining energy homeostasis is an essential component of Wld(S)-mediated axon protection. Neurobiol Dis 59:69-79. PubMed: 23892229MGI: J:201658
- Shi B; Stanfield BB. 1996. Differential sprouting responses in axonal fiber systems in the dentate gyrus following lesions of the perforant path in WLDs mutant mice. Brain Res 740(1-2):89-101. PubMed: 8973802MGI: J:37984
- Siebert H; Kahle PJ; Kramer ML; Isik T; Schluter OM; Schulz-Schaeffer WJ; Bruck W. 2010. Over-expression of alpha-synuclein in the nervous system enhances axonal degeneration after peripheral nerve lesion in a transgenic mouse strain. J Neurochem 114(4):1007-18. PubMed: 20524960MGI: J:163482
- Simonin Y; Ferrer-Alcon M; Ferri A; Kato AC. 2007. The neuroprotective effects of the WldS gene are correlated with proteasome expression rather than apoptosis. Eur J Neurosci 25(8):2269-74. PubMed: 17445225MGI: J:125019
- Simonin Y; Perrin FE; Kato AC. 2007. Axonal involvement in the Wlds neuroprotective effect: analysis of pure motoneurons in a mouse model protected from motor neuron disease at a pre-symptomatic age. J Neurochem 101(2):530-42. PubMed: 17402973MGI: J:122486
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