JAX
Mouse Strain Datasheet - 006966
B6.129P2(Cg)-Akt2tm1.1Mbb/J
Mice homozygous for this Akt2 (thymoma viral proto-oncogene 2) mutant allele develop insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, abnormal glucose uptake in muscle tissue, increased pancreatic beta-cell mass, and diabetes.
Donating Investigator
Morris J. Birnbaum, Un of Pennsylvania Schl of Medicine
Genetic overview
| Genetic Background | Generation |
|---|---|
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Akt2tm1.1Mbb
| Allele Type | Gene Symbol | Gene Name |
|---|---|---|
| Targeted (Null/Knockout) | Akt2 | thymoma viral proto-oncogene 2 |
Detailed Description
Mice homozygous for this Akt2 (thymoma viral proto-oncogene 2) mutant allele are viable and fertile. Homozygotes develop insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, abnormal glucose uptake in muscle tissue, increased pancreatic beta-cell mass, and diabetes.
In an attempt to offer alleles on well-characterized or multiple genetic backgrounds, alleles are frequently moved to a genetic background different from that on which an allele was first characterized. It should be noted that the phenotype could vary from that originally described. We will modify the strain description if necessary as published results become available.
Development
This mutation was created by Dr. Morris Birnbaum (University of Pennsylvania) by flanking exons 4-5 of the targeted gene with loxP sites. The targeting vector was electroporated into 129P2/OlaHsd-derived E14 embryonic stem (ES) cells, and the chimeric males were bred with C57BL/6 females. Mutant mice were then bred to cre transgenic mice to remove exons 4-5 and bred for an unknown number of generations. These mutant mice on a mixed (approximately 80% C57BL/6J) background were then shipped to Dr. Jan Breslow at The Rockefeller University. Dr. Breslow's lab crossed these mice to another mutant strain and further backcrossed to C57BL/6J for approximately 7 generations prior to arrival at The Jackson Laboratory (as Stock No. 006952). The donating investigators report that 102/104 microsatellite markers indicate C57BL/6J background; the only exceptions are D7Mit21 and D7Mit294. The Y chromosome may not have been fixed to the C57BL/6J genetic background. Upon arrival, some Stock No. 006952 mice were bred to C57BL/6J to isolate the Akt2 mutant allele; generating this single mutant congenic strain (Stock No. 006966).
Control Suggestions
- Wild-type from the colony
- 000664 C57BL/6J
Additional Information
Selected References
- Cho H; Mu J; Kim JK; Thorvaldsen JL; Chu Q; Crenshaw EB 3rd; Kaestner KH; Bartolomei MS; Shulman GI; Birnbaum MJ. 2001. Insulin resistance and a diabetes mellitus-like syndrome in mice lacking the protein kinase Akt2 (PKB beta). Science 292(5522):1728-31. PubMed: 11387480MGI: J:71491
- Leavens KF; Easton RM; Shulman GI; Previs SF; Birnbaum MJ. 2009. Akt2 is required for hepatic lipid accumulation in models of insulin resistance. Cell Metab 10(5):405-18. PubMed: 19883618MGI: J:155432
Akt2tm1.1Mbb
Allele Symbol: Akt2tm1.1Mbb
| Allele Name | targeted mutation 1.1, Morris J Birnbaum |
|---|---|
| Allele Type | Targeted (Null/Knockout) |
| Allele Synonym(s) | Akt2 KO; Akt2-; PKBbeta- |
| Gene Symbol and Name | Akt2, thymoma viral proto-oncogene 2 |
| Gene Synonym(s) | 2410016A19Rik; 2410016A19Rik; AW554154; HIHGHH; PKB; PKBB; PKBBETA; PKBbeta; PRKBB; RAC-BETA; RIKEN cDNA 2410016A19 gene; expressed sequence AW554154 |
| Strain of Origin | 129P2/OlaHsd |
| Chromosome | 7 |
| Molecular Note | This allele is a derivative of Akt2tm1Mbb. Cre-mediated recombination in vivo under the control of a 6 kb 5'-flanking sequence from the Pou3f4 gene excised the floxed exons 4 and 5 in the germline. The excision of exons 4 and 5 results in a frameshift mutation that would lead to a premature termination even if the remaining exon 3 were to splice to exon 6. Exon 5 encodes the lysine residue necessary for catalytic activity. Western blot analyses using a polyclonal antibody did not detect protein in liver, muscle, and isolated adipocytes from homozygous mice. |
| Mutations Made By | Morris Birnbaum, Un of Pennsylvania Schl of Medicine |
Disease Terms
Research Areas By Genotype
This mouse can be used to support research in many areas including:
- Diabetes and Obesity Research
- Hyperglycemia
- Insulin Resistance
- Type 2 Diabetes (NIDDM)
- Research Tools
- Diabetes and Obesity Research
- Metabolism Research
Mammalian Phenotype Terms by Genotype
Genotype: Akt2tm1.1Mbb/Akt2tm1.1Mbb
B6.129P2-Akt2tm1.1Mbb
homeostasis/metabolism phenotype
- decreased circulating glucose level
- in fasted mice Surwit fed a high-fat diet (MGI Ref ID J:155432)
- decreased liver triglyceride level
- at 4 months when Surwit fed a high-fat diet (MGI Ref ID J:155432)
- decreased susceptibility to diet-induced obesity
- at 4 months when Surwit fed a high-fat diet (MGI Ref ID J:155432)
- increased circulating insulin level
- in fasted mice Surwit fed a high-fat diet (MGI Ref ID J:155432)
growth/size/body region phenotype
- decreased susceptibility to diet-induced obesity
- at 4 months when Surwit fed a high-fat diet (MGI Ref ID J:155432)
liver/biliary system phenotype
- decreased liver triglyceride level
- at 4 months when Surwit fed a high-fat diet (MGI Ref ID J:155432)
The following phenotype information is associated with a similar, but not exact match to this JAX® Mice strain
Genotype: Akt2tm1.1Mbb/Akt2tm1.1Mbb
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6
homeostasis/metabolism phenotype
- hyperglycemia
- homozygotes develop into adulthood without apparent growth defects but exhibit a mild but significant fasting hyperglycemia, which is more pronounced during fed states (MGI Ref ID J:71491)
- impaired glucose tolerance
- in response to oral glucose load, 2-mo-old homozygotes display a mild glucose intolerance, with increased blood glucose levels at all time points measured (MGI Ref ID J:71491)
- increased circulating insulin level
- homozygotes develop inadequate compensatory hyperinsulinemia (MGI Ref ID J:71491)
- insulin resistance
- however, circulating free fatty acid concentrations remain normal (MGI Ref ID J:71491)
- in euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp expts, homozygotes exhibit peripheral insulin resistance along with complete failure of insulin to suppress hepatic glucose output (MGI Ref ID J:71491)
- in response to i.p. administration of insulin, homozygotes display significantly elevated blood glucose levels relative to wild-type mice at all time points measured (at 60 min; 70.8 7.9 mg/dl vs 22.3 1.1 mg/dl, respectively) (MGI Ref ID J:71491)
- notably, circulating free fatty acid concentrations remain normal (MGI Ref ID J:71491)
muscle phenotype
- decreased muscle cell glucose uptake
- insulin-stimulated deoxyglucose uptake into the oxidative soleus muscle is not significantly impaired at either an intermediate or maximal concentration of insulin (MGI Ref ID J:71491)
- insulin-stimulated hexose uptake into the glycolytic extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle is severely blunted in the presence of 0.33 nM insulin; however, no impairment is noted upon exposure of the mutant EDL to a higher insulin concentration (13.3 nM) (MGI Ref ID J:71491)
endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype
- increased pancreatic islet number
- pancreata from 2- to 3-month-old male homozygotes respond to insulin resistance with an increase in islet mass (~4-fold) and number (~2-fold) relative to wild-type mice (MGI Ref ID J:71491)
adipose tissue phenotype
- decreased adipocyte glucose uptake
- in euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp studies, insulin-stimulated hexose uptake is mildly impaired in mutant adipocytes (MGI Ref ID J:71491)
cellular phenotype
- decreased muscle cell glucose uptake
- insulin-stimulated deoxyglucose uptake into the oxidative soleus muscle is not significantly impaired at either an intermediate or maximal concentration of insulin (MGI Ref ID J:71491)
- insulin-stimulated hexose uptake into the glycolytic extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle is severely blunted in the presence of 0.33 nM insulin; however, no impairment is noted upon exposure of the mutant EDL to a higher insulin concentration (13.3 nM) (MGI Ref ID J:71491)
Genotype: Akt2tm1.1Mbb/Akt2tm1.1Mbb
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd
immune system phenotype
- immune system phenotype
- no abnormalities in T cell development are observed (MGI Ref ID J:135903)
homeostasis/metabolism phenotype
- decreased liver triglyceride level
- 2-fold decrease in liver triglyceride levels (MGI Ref ID J:160759)
- hyperglycemia
- about 25-30% increase in fasting glucose levels at 1 month of age (MGI Ref ID J:160759)
- impaired glucose tolerance
- glucose intolerance (MGI Ref ID J:160759)
liver/biliary system phenotype
- decreased liver triglyceride level
- 2-fold decrease in liver triglyceride levels (MGI Ref ID J:160759)
References
- Cho H; Mu J; Kim JK; Thorvaldsen JL; Chu Q; Crenshaw EB 3rd; Kaestner KH; Bartolomei MS; Shulman GI; Birnbaum MJ. 2001. Insulin resistance and a diabetes mellitus-like syndrome in mice lacking the protein kinase Akt2 (PKB beta). Science 292(5522):1728-31. PubMed: 11387480MGI: J:71491
- Leavens KF; Easton RM; Shulman GI; Previs SF; Birnbaum MJ. 2009. Akt2 is required for hepatic lipid accumulation in models of insulin resistance. Cell Metab 10(5):405-18. PubMed: 19883618MGI: J:155432
Additional - Akt2tm1.1Mbb related
- Ackah E; Yu J; Zoellner S; Iwakiri Y; Skurk C; Shibata R; Ouchi N; Easton RM; Galasso G; Birnbaum MJ; Walsh K; Sessa WC. 2005. Akt1/protein kinase Balpha is critical for ischemic and VEGF-mediated angiogenesis. J Clin Invest 115(8):2119-2127. PubMed: 16075056MGI: J:100143
- Arranz A; Doxaki C; Vergadi E; Martinez de la Torre Y; Vaporidi K; Lagoudaki ED; Ieronymaki E; Androulidaki A; Venihaki M; Margioris AN; Stathopoulos EN; Tsichlis PN; Tsatsanis C. 2012. Akt1 and Akt2 protein kinases differentially contribute to macrophage polarization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109(24):9517-22. PubMed: 22647600MGI: J:185519
- Babaev VR; Hebron KE; Wiese CB; Toth CL; Ding L; Zhang Y; May JM; Fazio S; Vickers KC; Linton MF. 2014. Macrophage deficiency of Akt2 reduces atherosclerosis in Ldlr null mice. J Lipid Res 55(11):2296-308. PubMed: 25240046MGI: J:216614
- Bauerfeld CP; Rastogi R; Pirockinaite G; Lee I; Huttemann M; Monks B; Birnbaum MJ; Franchi L; Nunez G; Samavati L. 2012. TLR4-Mediated AKT Activation Is MyD88/TRIF Dependent and Critical for Induction of Oxidative Phosphorylation and Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A in Murine Macrophages. J Immunol 188(6):2847-57. PubMed: 22312125MGI: J:181864
- Borst O; Munzer P; Gatidis S; Schmidt EM; Schonberger T; Schmid E; Towhid ST; Stellos K; Seizer P; May AE; Lang F; Gawaz M. 2012. The inflammatory chemokine CXC motif ligand 16 triggers platelet activation and adhesion via CXC motif receptor 6-dependent phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling. Circ Res 111(10):1297-307. PubMed: 22927331MGI: J:212626
- Boxer RB; Stairs DB; Dugan KD; Notarfrancesco KL; Portocarrero CP; Keister BA; Belka GK; Cho H; Rathmell JC; Thompson CB; Birnbaum MJ; Chodosh LA. 2006. Isoform-specific requirement for Akt1 in the developmental regulation of cellular metabolism during lactation. Cell Metab 4(6):475-90. PubMed: 17141631MGI: J:129773
- Braccini L; Ciraolo E; Campa CC; Perino A; Longo DL; Tibolla G; Pregnolato M; Cao Y; Tassone B; Damilano F; Laffargue M; Calautti E; Falasca M; Norata GD; Backer JM; Hirsch E. 2015. PI3K-C2gamma is a Rab5 effector selectively controlling endosomal Akt2 activation downstream of insulin signalling. Nat Commun 6:7400. PubMed: 26100075MGI: J:223018
- Calamito M; Juntilla MM; Thomas M; Northrup DL; Rathmell J; Birnbaum MJ; Koretzky G; Allman D. 2010. Akt1 and Akt2 promote peripheral B-cell maturation and survival. Blood 115(20):4043-50. PubMed: 20042722MGI: J:160279
- Canaud G; Bienaime F; Viau A; Treins C; Baron W; Nguyen C; Burtin M; Berissi S; Giannakakis K; Muda AO; Zschiedrich S; Huber TB; Friedlander G; Legendre C; Pontoglio M; Pende M; Terzi F. 2013. AKT2 is essential to maintain podocyte viability and function during chronic kidney disease. Nat Med 19(10):1288-96. PubMed: 24056770MGI: J:202319
- Chang X; Lazorchak AS; Liu D; Su B. 2012. Sin1 regulates Treg-cell development but is not required for T-cell growth and proliferation. Eur J Immunol 42(6):1639-47. PubMed: 22678916MGI: J:187755
- Chatterjee S; Browning EA; Hong N; DeBolt K; Sorokina EM; Liu W; Birnbaum MJ; Fisher AB. 2012. Membrane depolarization is the trigger for PI3K/Akt activation and leads to the generation of ROS. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 302(1):H105-14. PubMed: 22003059MGI: J:181582
- Chen CC; Stairs DB; Boxer RB; Belka GK; Horseman ND; Alvarez JV; Chodosh LA. 2012. Autocrine prolactin induced by the Pten-Akt pathway is required for lactation initiation and provides a direct link between the Akt and Stat5 pathways. Genes Dev 26(19):2154-68. PubMed: 23028142MGI: J:188260
- DeBosch B; Sambandam N; Weinheimer C; Courtois M; Muslin AJ. 2006. Akt2 regulates cardiac metabolism and cardiomyocyte survival. J Biol Chem 281(43):32841-51. PubMed: 16950770MGI: J:117383
- Di Lorenzo A; Fernandez-Hernando C; Cirino G; Sessa WC. 2009. Akt1 is critical for acute inflammation and histamine-mediated vascular leakage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(34):14552-7. PubMed: 19622728MGI: J:152016
- Domenech-Estevez E; Baloui H; Meng X; Zhang Y; Deinhardt K; Dupree JL; Einheber S; Chrast R; Salzer JL. 2016. Akt Regulates Axon Wrapping and Myelin Sheath Thickness in the PNS. J Neurosci 36(16):4506-21. PubMed: 27098694MGI: J:231821
- Easton RM; Cho H; Roovers K; Shineman DW; Mizrahi M; Forman MS; Lee VM; Szabolcs M; de Jong R; Oltersdorf T; Ludwig T; Efstratiadis A; Birnbaum MJ. 2005. Role for Akt3/protein kinase Bgamma in attainment of normal brain size. Mol Cell Biol 25(5):1869-78. PubMed: 15713641MGI: J:96823
- Espeillac C; Mitchell C; Celton-Morizur S; Chauvin C; Koka V; Gillet C; Albrecht JH; Desdouets C; Pende M. 2011. S6 kinase 1 is required for rapamycin-sensitive liver proliferation after mouse hepatectomy. J Clin Invest 121(7):2821-32. PubMed: 21633171MGI: J:175661
- Galicia VA; He L; Dang H; Kanel G; Vendryes C; French BA; Zeng N; Bayan JA; Ding W; Wang KS; French S; Birnbaum MJ; Rountree CB; Stiles BL. 2010. Expansion of hepatic tumor progenitor cells in Pten-null mice requires liver injury and is reversed by loss of AKT2. Gastroenterology 139(6):2170-82. PubMed: 20837017MGI: J:218587
- Goncalves MD; Pistilli EE; Balduzzi A; Birnbaum MJ; Lachey J; Khurana TS; Ahima RS. 2010. Akt deficiency attenuates muscle size and function but not the response to ActRIIB inhibition. PLoS One 5(9):e12707. PubMed: 20856813MGI: J:165125
- He L; Hou X; Kanel G; Zeng N; Galicia V; Wang Y; Yang J; Wu H; Birnbaum MJ; Stiles BL. 2010. The critical role of AKT2 in hepatic steatosis induced by PTEN loss. Am J Pathol 176(5):2302-8. PubMed: 20348245MGI: J:160759
- Hollander MC; Maier CR; Hobbs EA; Ashmore AR; Linnoila RI; Dennis PA. 2011. Akt1 deletion prevents lung tumorigenesis by mutant K-ras. Oncogene 30(15):1812-21. PubMed: 21242979MGI: J:170765
- Hollander MC; Zhou X; Maier CR; Patterson AD; Ding X; Dennis PA. 2011. A Cyp2a polymorphism predicts susceptibility to NNK-induced lung tumorigenesis in mice. Carcinogenesis 32(8):1279-84. PubMed: 21625009MGI: J:174977
- Hu N; Dong M; Ren J. 2014. Hydrogen sulfide alleviates cardiac contractile dysfunction in an Akt2-knockout murine model of insulin resistance: role of mitochondrial injury and apoptosis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 306(10):R761-71. PubMed: 24622975MGI: J:212975
- Jeffery E; Church CD; Holtrup B; Colman L; Rodeheffer MS. 2015. Rapid depot-specific activation of adipocyte precursor cells at the onset of obesity. Nat Cell Biol 17(4):376-85. PubMed: 25730471MGI: J:220886
- Jiang K; Patel NA; Watson JE; Apostolatos H; Kleiman E; Hanson O; Hagiwara M; Cooper DR. 2009. Akt2 regulation of Cdc2-like kinases (Clk/Sty), serine/arginine-rich (SR) protein phosphorylation, and insulin-induced alternative splicing of PKCbetaII messenger ribonucleic acid. Endocrinology 150(5):2087-97. PubMed: 19116344MGI: J:151810
- Juntilla MM; Patil VD; Calamito M; Joshi RP; Birnbaum MJ; Koretzky GA. 2010. AKT1 and AKT2 maintain hematopoietic stem cell function by regulating reactive oxygen species. Blood 115(20):4030-8. PubMed: 20354168MGI: J:160459
- Juntilla MM; Wofford JA; Birnbaum MJ; Rathmell JC; Koretzky GA. 2007. Akt1 and Akt2 are required for {alpha}beta thymocyte survival and differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(29):12105-10. PubMed: 17609365MGI: J:123155
- Kofuji S; Kimura H; Nakanishi H; Nanjo H; Takasuga S; Liu H; Eguchi S; Nakamura R; Itoh R; Ueno N; Asanuma K; Huang M; Koizumi A; Habuchi T; Yamazaki M; Suzuki A; Sasaki J; Sasaki T. 2015. INPP4B Is a PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 Phosphatase That Can Act as a Tumor Suppressor. Cancer Discov 5(7):730-9. PubMed: 25883023MGI: J:227240
- Koren S; DiPilato LM; Emmett MJ; Shearin AL; Chu Q; Monks B; Birnbaum MJ. 2015. The role of mouse Akt2 in insulin-dependent suppression of adipocyte lipolysis in vivo. Diabetologia 58(5):1063-70. PubMed: 25740694MGI: J:220737
- Kramer HF; Witczak CA; Fujii N; Jessen N; Taylor EB; Arnolds DE; Sakamoto K; Hirshman MF; Goodyear LJ. 2006. Distinct signals regulate AS160 phosphorylation in response to insulin, AICAR, and contraction in mouse skeletal muscle. Diabetes 55(7):2067-76. PubMed: 16804077MGI: J:111856
- Lazorchak AS; Liu D; Facchinetti V; Di Lorenzo A; Sessa WC; Schatz DG; Su B. 2010. Sin1-mTORC2 suppresses rag and il7r gene expression through Akt2 in B cells. Mol Cell 39(3):433-43. PubMed: 20705244MGI: J:163678
- Lee MY; Luciano AK; Ackah E; Rodriguez-Vita J; Bancroft TA; Eichmann A; Simons M; Kyriakides TR; Morales-Ruiz M; Sessa WC. 2014. Endothelial Akt1 mediates angiogenesis by phosphorylating multiple angiogenic substrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111(35):12865-70. PubMed: 25136137MGI: J:216407
- Li C; Li Y; He L; Agarwal AR; Zeng N; Cadenas E; Stiles BL. 2013. PI3K/AKT signaling regulates bioenergetics in immortalized hepatocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 60:29-40. PubMed: 23376468MGI: J:201239
- Li D; August S; Woulfe DS. 2008. GSK3beta is a negative regulator of platelet function and thrombosis. Blood 111(7):3522-30. PubMed: 18218855MGI: J:133503
- Li G; Anderson RE; Tomita H; Adler R; Liu X; Zack DJ; Rajala RV. 2007. Nonredundant role of Akt2 for neuroprotection of rod photoreceptor cells from light-induced cell death. J Neurosci 27(1):203-11. PubMed: 17202487MGI: J:117208
- Linnerth-Petrik NM; Santry LA; Petrik JJ; Wootton SK. 2014. Opposing functions of Akt isoforms in lung tumor initiation and progression. PLoS One 9(4):e94595. PubMed: 24722238MGI: J:215091
- Lu M; Wan M; Leavens KF; Chu Q; Monks BR; Fernandez S; Ahima RS; Ueki K; Kahn CR; Birnbaum MJ. 2012. Insulin regulates liver metabolism in vivo in the absence of hepatic Akt and Foxo1. Nat Med 18(3):388-95. PubMed: 22344295MGI: J:181642
- Mao C; Tili EG; Dose M; Haks MC; Bear SE; Maroulakou I; Horie K; Gaitanaris GA; Fidanza V; Ludwig T; Wiest DL; Gounari F; Tsichlis PN. 2007. Unequal contribution of Akt isoforms in the double-negative to double-positive thymocyte transition. J Immunol 178(9):5443-53. PubMed: 17442925MGI: J:135903
- Maroulakou IG; Oemler W; Naber SP; Tsichlis PN. 2007. Akt1 ablation inhibits, whereas Akt2 ablation accelerates, the development of mammary adenocarcinomas in mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-ErbB2/neu and MMTV-polyoma middle T transgenic mice. Cancer Res 67(1):167-77. PubMed: 17210696MGI: J:117336
- McCurdy CE; Cartee GD. 2005. Akt2 is essential for the full effect of calorie restriction on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Diabetes 54(5):1349-56. PubMed: 15855319MGI: J:105199
- Palian BM; Rohira AD; Johnson SA; He L; Zheng N; Dubeau L; Stiles BL; Johnson DL. 2014. Maf1 is a novel target of PTEN and PI3K signaling that negatively regulates oncogenesis and lipid metabolism. PLoS Genet 10(12):e1004789. PubMed: 25502566MGI: J:222654
- Perry RJ; Camporez JP; Kursawe R; Titchenell PM; Zhang D; Perry CJ; Jurczak MJ; Abudukadier A; Han MS; Zhang XM; Ruan HB; Yang X; Caprio S; Kaech SM; Sul HS; Birnbaum MJ; Davis RJ; Cline GW; Petersen KF; Shulman GI. 2015. Hepatic acetyl CoA links adipose tissue inflammation to hepatic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Cell 160(4):745-58. PubMed: 25662011MGI: J:219885
- Polytarchou C; Iliopoulos D; Hatziapostolou M; Kottakis F; Maroulakou I; Struhl K; Tsichlis PN. 2011. Akt2 Regulates All Akt Isoforms and Promotes Resistance to Hypoxia through Induction of miR-21 upon Oxygen Deprivation. Cancer Res 71(13):4720-31. PubMed: 21555366MGI: J:173622
- Qiao G; Zhao Y; Li Z; Tang PQ; Langdon WY; Yang T; Zhang J. 2013. T cell activation threshold regulated by E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b determines fate of inducible regulatory T cells. J Immunol 191(2):632-9. PubMed: 23749633MGI: J:204828
- Rajala A; Dighe R; Agbaga MP; Anderson RE; Rajala RV. 2013. Insulin receptor signaling in cones. J Biol Chem 288(27):19503-15. PubMed: 23673657MGI: J:199655
- Rastogi R; Jiang Z; Ahmad N; Rosati R; Liu Y; Beuret L; Monks R; Charron J; Birnbaum MJ; Samavati L. 2013. Rapamycin induces mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) expression through activation of protein kinase B and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase pathways. J Biol Chem 288(47):33966-77. PubMed: 24126911MGI: J:204975
- Rensing KL; de Jager SC; Stroes ES; Vos M; Twickler MT; Dallinga-Thie GM; de Vries CJ; Kuiper J; Bot I; von der Thusen JH. 2014. Akt2/LDLr double knockout mice display impaired glucose tolerance and develop more complex atherosclerotic plaques than LDLr knockout mice. Cardiovasc Res 101(2):277-87. PubMed: 24220638MGI: J:219538
- Rivera-Gonzalez GC; Shook BA; Andrae J; Holtrup B; Bollag K; Betsholtz C; Rodeheffer MS; Horsley V. 2016. Skin Adipocyte Stem Cell Self-Renewal Is Regulated by a PDGFA/AKT-Signaling Axis. Cell Stem Cell 19(6):738-751. PubMed: 27746098MGI: J:240762
- Rotllan N; Chamorro-Jorganes A; Araldi E; Wanschel AC; Aryal B; Aranda JF; Goedeke L; Salerno AG; Ramirez CM; Sessa WC; Suarez Y; Fernandez-Hernando C. 2015. Hematopoietic Akt2 deficiency attenuates the progression of atherosclerosis. FASEB J 29(2):597-610. PubMed: 25392271MGI: J:218205
- Sakamoto K; Arnolds DE; Fujii N; Kramer HF; Hirshman MF; Goodyear LJ. 2006. Role of Akt2 in contraction-stimulated cell signaling and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 291(5):E1031-7. PubMed: 16803855MGI: J:113860
- Shen YH; Zhang L; Ren P; Nguyen MT; Zou S; Wu D; Wang XL; Coselli JS; LeMaire SA. 2013. AKT2 confers protection against aortic aneurysms and dissections. Circ Res 112(4):618-32. PubMed: 23250987MGI: J:212864
- Southgate RJ; Bruce CR; Carey AL; Steinberg GR; Walder K; Monks R; Watt MJ; Hawley JA; Birnbaum MJ; Febbraio MA. 2005. PGC-1alpha gene expression is down-regulated by Akt- mediated phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion of FoxO1 in insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle. FASEB J 19(14):2072-4. PubMed: 16203862MGI: J:104633
- Sun W; Wang Y; Miao X; Wang Y; Zhang L; Xin Y; Zheng S; Epstein PN; Fu Y; Cai L. 2014. Renal improvement by zinc in diabetic mice is associated with glucose metabolism signaling mediated by metallothionein and Akt, but not Akt2. Free Radic Biol Med 68:22-34. PubMed: 24296248MGI: J:211875
- Tang H; Chen J; Fraidenburg DR; Song S; Sysol JR; Drennan AR; Offermanns S; Ye RD; Bonini MG; Minshall RD; Garcia JG; Machado RF; Makino A; Yuan JX. 2015. Deficiency of Akt1, but not Akt2, attenuates the development of pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 308(2):L208-20. PubMed: 25416384MGI: J:227793
- Treebak JT; Taylor EB; Witczak CA; An D; Toyoda T; Koh HJ; Xie J; Feener EP; Wojtaszewski JF; Hirshman MF; Goodyear LJ. 2010. Identification of a novel phosphorylation site on TBC1D4 regulated by AMP-activated protein kinase in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 298(2):C377-85. PubMed: 19923418MGI: J:157508
- Treins C; Alliouachene S; Hassouna R; Xie Y; Birnbaum MJ; Pende M. 2012. The combined deletion of S6K1 and Akt2 deteriorates glycemic control in a high-fat diet. Mol Cell Biol 32(19):4001-11. PubMed: 22851690MGI: J:189139
- Tsen F; Bhatia A; O'Brien K; Cheng CF; Chen M; Hay N; Stiles B; Woodley DT; Li W. 2013. Extracellular heat shock protein 90 signals through subdomain II and the NPVY motif of LRP-1 receptor to Akt1 and Akt2: a circuit essential for promoting skin cell migration in vitro and wound healing in vivo. Mol Cell Biol 33(24):4947-59. PubMed: 24126057MGI: J:206064
- Vergadi E; Vaporidi K; Theodorakis EE; Doxaki C; Lagoudaki E; Ieronymaki E; Alexaki VI; Helms M; Kondili E; Soennichsen B; Stathopoulos EN; Margioris AN; Georgopoulos D; Tsatsanis C. 2014. Akt2 deficiency protects from acute lung injury via alternative macrophage activation and miR-146a induction in mice. J Immunol 192(1):394-406. PubMed: 24277697MGI: J:207095
- Vichaiwong K; Purohit S; An D; Toyoda T; Jessen N; Hirshman MF; Goodyear LJ. 2010. Contraction regulates site-specific phosphorylation of TBC1D1 in skeletal muscle. Biochem J 431(2):311-20. PubMed: 20701589MGI: J:166169
- Wan M; Leavens KF; Hunter RW; Koren S; von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff A; Lu M; Satapati S; Chu Q; Sakamoto K; Burgess SC; Birnbaum MJ. 2013. A Noncanonical, GSK3-Independent Pathway Controls Postprandial Hepatic Glycogen Deposition. Cell Metab 18(1):99-105. PubMed: 23823480MGI: J:199233
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