Overview

Also Known As:BKS-obese

These mice carry a spontaneous mutation at the Lep locus on a C57BLKS/J background and are characterized by obesity, hyperphagia, hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, and elevated plasma insulin. On the C57BLKS background homozygotes become severely diabetic with regression of islets and early death.

Genetic overview

Genetic Background	Generation
000662 C57BLKS/J

Lep^ob

Allele Type	Gene Symbol	Gene Name
Spontaneous (Null/Knockout)	Lep	leptin

View Genetics

Research Applications

Diabetes and Obesity Research
Internal/Organ Research
Metabolism Research
Mouse/Human Gene Homologs
Endocrine Deficiency Research
Immunology, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Research
Reproductive Biology Research

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Details

Detailed Description

Mice homozygous for the obese spontaneous mutation (Lep^ob, commonly referred to as ob or ob/ob) are first recognizable at about 4 weeks old. Homozygous mutant mice increase in weight rapidly and may reach three times the normal weight of wildtype controls. In addition to obesity, mutant mice exhibit hyperphagia; a diabetes-like syndrome of hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, and elevated plasma insulin; subfertility; and increased hormone production from both pituitary and adrenal. They are also hypometabolic and hypothermic. The obesity is characterized by both an increased number and size of adipocytes. Although hyperphagia contributes to the obesity, homozygotes gain excess weight and deposit excess fat even when restricted to a diet sufficient for normal weight maintenance in lean mice. Hyperinsulinemia does not develop until after the increase body weight and is probably the result of it. Homozygotes do have an abnormally low threshold for stimulation of pancreatic islet insulin secretion even in very young preobese animals. As is the case with the diabetes mutant (Lep^db), manifestation of the diabetic syndrome is strikingly dependent on genetic background. On the C57BLKS background Lep^ob/Lep^obhomozygotes become severely diabetic with regression of islets and early death. Cloning of the Lep gene has made possible the production of recombinant leptin. Injection of this protein into Lep^ob/Lep^ob homozygotes sharply reduced body weight, decreased food intake, and increased energy expenditure.

Control Suggestions

Untyped from the colony
000662 C57BLKS/J

Additional Information

Considerations for Choosing Controls

Selected References

Ewart-Toland A; Mounzih K; Qiu J; Chehab FF. 1999. Effect of the genetic background on the reproduction of leptin-deficient obese mice. Endocrinology 140(2):732-8PubMed: 9927300 MGI: J:52903
Malik NM; Carter ND; Murray JF; Scaramuzzi RJ; Wilson CA; Stock MJ. 2001. Leptin requirement for conception, implantation, and gestation in the mouse. Endocrinology 142(12):5198-202PubMed: 11713215 MGI: J:94783
Oler AT; Attie AD. 2008. A rapid, microplate SNP genotype assay for the leptinob allele. J Lipid Res 49(5):1126-9PubMed: 18272929 MGI: J:133040

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Genetics

Lep^ob

Allele Symbol: Lep^ob

Allele Name	obese
Allele Type	Spontaneous (Null/Knockout)
Allele Synonym(s)	ob; ob/ob
Gene Symbol and Name	Lep, leptin
Gene Synonym(s)
Strain of Origin	STOCK Mlph^ln a Tgfa^wa1 Cdh23^v Ednrb^s
Chromosome	6
Molecular Note	Sequencing of RT-PCR products revealed a nonsense mutation in arginine codon 105 (p.R105*) resulting from a C-to-T point mutation. The 16 kDa leptin protein, expressed predominantly in adipose tissue of normal mice, is missing from homozygous mutant mice (J:29081).

Disease/Phenotype

Disease Terms

Model with phenotypic similarity to human disease where etiologies are distinct. Human genes are associated with this disease. Orthologs of these genes do not appear in the mouse genotype(s).

Models with phenotypic similarity to human diseases where etiology is unknown or involving genes where ortholog is unknown.

Research Areas By Phenotype

This mouse can be used to support research in many areas including:

Diabetes and Obesity Research
- Hyperglycemia
- Type 2 Diabetes (NIDDM)
Internal/Organ Research
- Wound Healing
  - delayed/impaired

Genotype: Lep^ob related

Metabolism Research
Diabetes and Obesity Research
- Hyperinsulinemia
- Insulin Resistance
- Obesity With Diabetes
- Impaired Wound Healing
Mouse/Human Gene Homologs
- obesity, severe, due to leptin deficiency (rare)
Endocrine Deficiency Research
- Adipose Defects
- Hypothalamus/Pituitary Defects
- Pancreas Defects
Immunology, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Research
- Immunodeficiency Associated with Other Defects
Internal/Organ Research
- Adipose Defects
Reproductive Biology Research
- Fertility Defects

Mammalian Phenotype Terms by Genotype

The following phenotype information is associated with a similar, but not exact match to this JAX^® Mice strain

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
involves: C57BL/6J

adipose tissue phenotype

increased fat cell size
- increase in area size of epigonadal fat cells

increased interscapular fat pad weight

increased gonadal fat pad weight
- increase in epigonadal fat tissue weight

increased inguinal fat pad weight

increased percent body fat/body weight
- increase in fat mass at 8 and 16 weeks of age

cardiovascular system phenotype

abnormal retinal vasculature morphology
- neovascularization is significantly suppressed under standard oxygen conditions relative to controls

abnormal cardiovascular system physiology
- attenuated heart response to increased calcium
- oxygen consumption of the heart does not increase with an increased workload
- oxygen consumption is elevated when perfused with glucose and palmitate

increased heart weight
- heart weight elevated relative to controls

cellular phenotype

abnormal osteoclast differentiation
- increased numbers of osteoclasts

abnormal respiratory electron transport chain
- mitochondrial respiration is inhibited in glucose perfused hearts
- increased ADP dependent mitochondrial respiration in glucose and palmitate perfused hearts
- mitochondrial respiration is uncoupled in glucose and palmitate perfused hearts

abnormal colon goblet cell morphology
- increased number of mucus filled goblet cells in the colon

digestive/alimentary phenotype

abnormal intestinal mucosa morphology
- thick mucus gel covers the epithelium of the colon

abnormal colon goblet cell morphology
- increased number of mucus filled goblet cells in the colon

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

abnormal insulin secretion
- acetyl choline has a greater affect to lower the glucose induced threshold for insulin secretion
- lower threshold for glucose induced insulin secretion by beta cells

abnormal colon goblet cell morphology
- increased number of mucus filled goblet cells in the colon

enlarged pancreatic islets
- increase in the size of islets of Langerhans and appearance of enormous islets in the pancreas of 30 week old mice

growth/size/body region phenotype

abnormal postnatal growth
- pair fed mice gain considerably more weight as fat than controls eating the same quantity of food
- pair fed mice gain less weight than when feeding is unrestricted
- pair fed mice gain less weight as protein than when feeding is unrestricted
- pair fed mice restrict food intake to that of controls

obese
- increase in weight gain in a short period of time

increased liver weight

increased body length

increased heart weight
- heart weight elevated relative to controls

increased lean body mass
- increase in lean mass at 8 and 16 weeks of age

hematopoietic system phenotype

abnormal osteoclast differentiation
- increased numbers of osteoclasts

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

abnormal corticosterone level
- diurnal variation greater than in controls
- corticosterone response to stress greater than in controls

abnormal glucose homeostasis

insulin resistance
- mice do not respond to insulin in the insulin tolerance test at 15 weeks of age, indicating insulin resistance
- in the insulin tolerance test, mice reduce their glucose levels within 30 min to about 80% compared to 50% in wild-type mice at 6 weeks of age

hyperglycemia

increased adrenocorticotropin level
- levels in the pituitary are much higher than in pituitaries of controls

increased circulating insulin level

abnormal hormone level

impaired glucose tolerance
- observed prior to any significant increase in body weight

abnormal insulin secretion
- lower threshold for glucose induced insulin secretion by beta cells
- acetyl choline has a greater affect to lower the glucose induced threshold for insulin secretion

increased fasting circulating glucose level
- fasting mice show increased glucose levels at 6 weeks of age

increased circulating corticosterone level
- severe

immune system phenotype

abnormal osteoclast differentiation
- increased numbers of osteoclasts

integument phenotype

abnormal epidermal layer morphology
- significant reduction in intraepidermal nerve fiber density

increased thermal nociceptive threshold
- 88% increased latency of hind-limb withdrawal from a heat stimulus

liver/biliary system phenotype

increased liver weight

hepatic steatosis

mortality/aging

postnatal lethality, incomplete penetrance
- 50 % higher postnatal death rate of males

muscle phenotype

abnormal muscle contractility
- number of tetani required to reduce force by 40% is significantly less than for controls
- basal calcium ion concentration increases sharply toward the end of a series of 50 tetanic contractions (single cell measures)

nervous system phenotype

decreased nerve conduction velocity
- hind limb sensory nerve conduction velocity reduced 22%
- 16% lower motor nerve conduction velocity than controls

skeleton phenotype

osteopetrosis
- increased numbers of thick trabeculae at 3 and 6 months
- 2 fold increase in trabecular bone volume

increased bone mass
- increased bone mass even on a low fat diet to delay obesity
- denser vertebrae and long bones at 6 months

abnormal skeleton development
- rate of new bone formation increased at both 3 and 6 months

abnormal osteoclast differentiation
- increased numbers of osteoclasts

behavior/neurological phenotype

abnormal behavior
- faster in food finding trials relative to controls

increased thermal nociceptive threshold
- 88% increased latency of hind-limb withdrawal from a heat stimulus

hypoactivity

polyphagia
- mice eat twice as much as wild-type mice

vision/eye phenotype

abnormal retinal vasculature morphology
- neovascularization is significantly suppressed under standard oxygen conditions relative to controls

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
involves: C57BL/6

cellular phenotype

decreased T cell proliferation

immune system phenotype

decreased splenocyte number

decreased T cell proliferation

decreased CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell number

liver/biliary system phenotype

increased liver triglyceride level
- livers exhibit about 10x higher levels of triglyceride

increased liver cholesterol level
- livers exhibit slightly, but significantly, higher levels of cholesterol

hematopoietic system phenotype

decreased CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell number

decreased splenocyte number

decreased T cell proliferation

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

increased circulating HDL cholesterol level
- slightly elevated at 3 and 8 months of age

increased circulating cholesterol level
- seen at 3-4 months of age

increased liver cholesterol level
- livers exhibit slightly, but significantly, higher levels of cholesterol

increased circulating triglyceride level
- seen at 3-4 months of age

increased liver triglyceride level
- livers exhibit about 10x higher levels of triglyceride

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
D2.Cg-Lep/Chua

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

abnormal pancreatic islet morphology
- islets of mutants with low insulin levels are abnormal in appearance, being found in clusters of 1-4 cells, scattered within the ductal epithelium

increased pancreatic beta cell number
- there is a 5-fold increase in number of insulin-secreting cells per islet in obese mice with high insulin secretion

decreased pancreatic beta cell number
- mutants with low insulin secretion have a low number of insulin-secreting cells compared to controls or high-insulin secreting mutants

growth/size/body region phenotype

obese

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

hyperglycemia
- at 3 months of age, males are hyperglycemic with blood glucose levels of ~574 mg/dl; females have levels of ~388 mg/dl

increased circulating insulin level
- some mutant DBA/2J mice have high insulin levels compared to controls

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
involves: STOCK Mlph a Tgfa Cdh23 Ednrb

embryo phenotype

abnormal embryonic neuroepithelium morphology
cell proliferation is lower at E14 and E16
(MGI Ref ID J:105139)
significantly fewer cells at E16 and E18 but not at E14
(MGI Ref ID J:105139)

decreased embryonic neuroepithelium thickness
thin at E18
(MGI Ref ID J:105139)

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

abnormal gland physiology
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

increased pancreatic beta cell mass
increased size
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

increased pancreatic beta cell number
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

abnormal pancreatic beta cell morphology
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

decreased activity of thyroid gland
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

hypersecretion of corticosterone
increased glucocorticoids from the adrenal
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

adipose tissue phenotype

abnormal fat cell morphology
hyperplasia
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)(MGI Ref ID J:5253)

increased fat cell size
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

abnormal white adipose tissue morphology
subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) has less uridine content than in wild-type mice
(MGI Ref ID J:260830)

growth/size/body region phenotype

decreased body length
short body
(MGI Ref ID J:13066)
first noticeable at 4-6 weeks of age
(MGI Ref ID J:13066)
expansive hind quarters
(MGI Ref ID J:13066)
square shape
(MGI Ref ID J:13066)

increased growth rate
begin to gain weight rapidly by 4-6 weeks of age
(MGI Ref ID J:13066)
weigh 75-90g at 10 months
(MGI Ref ID J:13066)
weigh twice as much as controls at 3 months of age
(MGI Ref ID J:13066)

increased body weight
(MGI Ref ID J:159285)

hematopoietic system phenotype

abnormal microglial cell physiology
30-40% as many activated microglia 5 days after kainic acid treatment as for controls
(MGI Ref ID J:115569)
migrate normally to injury sites but do not proliferate
(MGI Ref ID J:115569)

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

decreased liver triglyceride level
lower level than wild-type after 36 hour fasting in 7-week-old mice.
(MGI Ref ID J:199803)

hyperglycemia
transient hyperglycemia
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

impaired adaptive thermogenesis
extreme cold susceptibility
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)
mice acclimated to 12C before exposure survive better to 4C exposure than un-acclimated controls
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)
60 minute exposure of 17 day old mice to 4C results in a marked drop in body temperature
(MGI Ref ID J:12010)
mice moved directly to 4C from 21C become hypothermic and die
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

increased circulating insulin level
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

abnormal glucose homeostasis
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

abnormal hormone level
increased beta endorphin levels
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)
increased levels of melanocyte stimulating hormone
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

abnormal vascular wound healing
reduced neointimal area relative to controls 4 weeks after femoral artery injury
(MGI Ref ID J:135034)
vascular smooth muscle proliferation significantly reduced
(MGI Ref ID J:135034)
neointimal area increased by leptin injection or adenoviral leptin treatment
(MGI Ref ID J:135034)

abnormal response to cardiac infarction
mice exhibit a significant decline in cardiac function, and increase in apoptosis and necrosis, and elevated reactive oxygen species generation after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury
(MGI Ref ID J:219470)

increased adrenocorticotropin level
increased pituitary ACTH
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

decreased body temperature
mice have a lower basal body temperature than controls
(MGI Ref ID J:12010)

increased liver triglyceride level
double the control littermate's triglyceride level in 7 to 14 weeks old mice
(MGI Ref ID J:199803)

abnormal nucleotide metabolism
Normal - however, epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) and liver uridine content are not different
(MGI Ref ID J:260830)
subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) has less uridine content than in wild-type mice
(MGI Ref ID J:260830)

decreased circulating tumor necrosis factor level
48% of control levels after kainate injection
(MGI Ref ID J:115569)

impaired glucose tolerance
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

behavior/neurological phenotype

polyphagia
hyperphagia
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

immune system phenotype

abnormal microglial cell physiology
30-40% as many activated microglia 5 days after kainic acid treatment as for controls
(MGI Ref ID J:115569)
migrate normally to injury sites but do not proliferate
(MGI Ref ID J:115569)

decreased circulating tumor necrosis factor level
48% of control levels after kainate injection
(MGI Ref ID J:115569)

limbs/digits/tail phenotype

short femur
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)

short humerus
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)

liver/biliary system phenotype

decreased susceptibility to hepatic steatosis
after 36 hour fasting in 7-week-old mice
(MGI Ref ID J:199803)

decreased liver triglyceride level
lower level than wild-type after 36 hour fasting in 7-week-old mice.
(MGI Ref ID J:199803)

increased liver triglyceride level
double the control littermate's triglyceride level in 7 to 14 weeks old mice
(MGI Ref ID J:199803)

nervous system phenotype

decreased embryonic neuroepithelial cell proliferation
cell proliferation is lower at E14 and E16
(MGI Ref ID J:105139)

abnormal embryonic neuroepithelium morphology
significantly fewer cells at E16 and E18 but not at E14
(MGI Ref ID J:105139)
cell proliferation is lower at E14 and E16
(MGI Ref ID J:105139)

abnormal microglial cell physiology
30-40% as many activated microglia 5 days after kainic acid treatment as for controls
(MGI Ref ID J:115569)
migrate normally to injury sites but do not proliferate
(MGI Ref ID J:115569)

decreased embryonic neuroepithelium thickness
thin at E18
(MGI Ref ID J:105139)

abnormal cortical plate morphology
fewer cells in the cortical plate at E18
(MGI Ref ID J:105139)

reproductive system phenotype

female infertility
homozygous females fail to ovulate
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

reduced male fertility
only 20% of young males are fertile
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

infertility
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

male infertility
all older males are sterile
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

cardiovascular system phenotype

abnormal arteriole morphology
potassium-ATP channel inhibition eliminates diameter difference from controls
(MGI Ref ID J:151096)
basal arteriolar diameter is greater than controls
(MGI Ref ID J:151096)

abnormal vascular wound healing
neointimal area increased by leptin injection or adenoviral leptin treatment
(MGI Ref ID J:135034)
vascular smooth muscle proliferation significantly reduced
(MGI Ref ID J:135034)
reduced neointimal area relative to controls 4 weeks after femoral artery injury
(MGI Ref ID J:135034)

abnormal response to cardiac infarction
mice exhibit a significant decline in cardiac function, and increase in apoptosis and necrosis, and elevated reactive oxygen species generation after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury
(MGI Ref ID J:219470)

skeleton phenotype

abnormal long bone epiphyseal plate morphology
breakage at the chondro-osseous junction
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)
less organized loose reticular distribution of collagen fibrils
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)
more fragile than controls
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)
failure at a force of 4.9 Newtons as compared to 8.4 Newtons in controls
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)
reduced expression of "type-X" collagen
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)

abnormal long bone hypertrophic chondrocyte zone
poor alignment
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)
mostly mineralized as compared to less than 50% mineralized in controls
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)
increased numbers of apoptotic chondrocytes
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)
column structure is disturbed
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)

decreased length of long bones
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)

abnormal long bone epiphyseal plate proliferative zone
column structure is disturbed
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)
poor alignment
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)

short femur
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)

short humerus
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)

decreased bone mass
reduced bone mass
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
B6.Cg-Lep/OlaHsd

digestive/alimentary phenotype

abnormal intestinal epithelium morphology
reduced levels of occludin in intestinal sections
(MGI Ref ID J:124815)
zonula occludens 1 has a discontinuous distribution
(MGI Ref ID J:124815)

abnormal digestive system physiology
transepithelial resistance in the epithelium is reduced, indictive of a disrupted mucosal barrier function
(MGI Ref ID J:124815)

immune system phenotype

liver inflammation
(MGI Ref ID J:124815)

abnormal chemokine secretion
increased release of monocyte chemo attractant protein by hepatic stellate cells
(MGI Ref ID J:124815)

increased interleukin-6 secretion
increased release by hepatic stellate cells
(MGI Ref ID J:124815)

increased susceptibility to endotoxin shock
increased succeptibility of hepatic stellate cells to LPS
(MGI Ref ID J:124815)

abnormal acute inflammation
higher levels of endotoxin are found in portal blood (entotoxemia)
(MGI Ref ID J:124815)

liver/biliary system phenotype

liver inflammation
(MGI Ref ID J:124815)

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
involves: 129 * C57BL/6

adipose tissue phenotype

increased percent body fat/body weight
40% increase compared to wild-type at 20 weeks
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

increased insulin secretion
at 16 weeks of age
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)

insulin resistance
at 16 weeks
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)

abnormal lipid level
sphingomeylin and antioxidant ethanolamine plasmlogen are markedly decreased
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)

increased circulating insulin level
at 4 and 16 weeks of age
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)

liver/biliary system phenotype

hepatic steatosis
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)

behavior/neurological phenotype

polyphagia
hyperphagic
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)

hypoactivity
at 20 weeks, mice have decreased locomotor activity compared to wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

abnormal pancreatic islet morphology
at 16 weeks, increased islet-to-pancreases volume ratios
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)
at 16 weeks, islet insulin content is 30-fold greater than in Pparg^tm1Avb Lep^ob homozygotes
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)

increased insulin secretion
at 16 weeks of age
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)

enlarged pancreatic islets
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)

increased pancreatic islet number
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)

growth/size/body region phenotype

increased body weight
mice quickly become heavier and have significantly elevated body weights at 4 and 6 weeks of age in females and males, respectively
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
B6.Cg-Lep/J

immune system phenotype

lung inflammation
ozone induces a nonsignificant elevation of TNFR2 levels
(MGI Ref ID J:115772)
ozone induces significantly elevated levels of TNFR1
(MGI Ref ID J:115772)

decreased NK cell number
reduced numbers can be restored by treatment with leptin
(MGI Ref ID J:117826)

integument phenotype

abnormal pain threshold
(MGI Ref ID J:152019)

allodynia
epineural application of leptin treated peritoneal macrophage induces tactile allodynia
(MGI Ref ID J:152019)
resistant to tactile allodynia caused by partial sciatic nerve ligation
(MGI Ref ID J:152019)

hyperalgesia
display thermal hyperalgesia after partial sciatic nerve ligation
(MGI Ref ID J:152019)

behavior/neurological phenotype

abnormal frequency of paradoxical sleep
reduced REM in light phase
(MGI Ref ID J:115771)
increased REM in dark phase
(MGI Ref ID J:115771)

allodynia
epineural application of leptin treated peritoneal macrophage induces tactile allodynia
(MGI Ref ID J:152019)
resistant to tactile allodynia caused by partial sciatic nerve ligation
(MGI Ref ID J:152019)

abnormal sleep pattern
additional sleep primarily in the dark phase
(MGI Ref ID J:115771)
increased non-REM sleep time
(MGI Ref ID J:115771)
increased total sleep time in a 24 hour period
(MGI Ref ID J:115771)
recovery from sleep deprivation involves increased duration of non-REM bouts rather than increased number of bouts as seen in controls
(MGI Ref ID J:115771)

hyperalgesia
display thermal hyperalgesia after partial sciatic nerve ligation
(MGI Ref ID J:152019)

hypoactivity
more wheel running activity in light phase and less in dark phase
(MGI Ref ID J:115771)
less wheel running activity
(MGI Ref ID J:115771)
significantly reduced activity relative to wild-type controls
(MGI Ref ID J:122746)

increased food intake
increased food intake when ambient temperature drops from 28 to 21C
(MGI Ref ID J:129662)

fragmentation of sleep/wake states
shorter wake periods
(MGI Ref ID J:115771)
sleep more fragmented
(MGI Ref ID J:115771)
more arousals
(MGI Ref ID J:115771)

decreased food intake
food intake is reduced by Leptin treatment
(MGI Ref ID J:29075)

polyphagia
mice eat 70% more than wild-type controls
(MGI Ref ID J:122746)

abnormal pain threshold
(MGI Ref ID J:152019)

abnormal food intake
(MGI Ref ID J:122746)

liver/biliary system phenotype

abnormal liver weight
treatment with triiodothyronine significantly reduces relative and absolute liver weight
(MGI Ref ID J:22377)

muscle phenotype

abnormal myocardial fiber morphology
exhibit extensive focal damage in myocardial tissue, showing an abundance of lipid droplets in myocytes and damaged mitochondria that are swelled, have disorganized cristae and show loss of integrity
(MGI Ref ID J:104171)
cardiomyocytes exhibit a significantly enlarged cross-sectional area
(MGI Ref ID J:111488)
exhibit myocyte hypertrophy, with increased myocyte diameter and distorted nuclear architecture
(MGI Ref ID J:103063)

abnormal skeletal muscle fiber type ratio
lower proportion of faster myosin heavy chain isoforms
(MGI Ref ID J:151518)

decreased cardiac muscle contractility
exhibit cardiac contractile dysfunction that is due to leptin deficiency and not obesity as high fat diet-induced obese controls show normal cardiomyocyte morphology and contractile function
(MGI Ref ID J:104171)
cardiomyocytes exhibit a reduced contractile capacity
(MGI Ref ID J:111488)
decreased peak shortening
(MGI Ref ID J:111488)
elevated resting peak calcium ion concentration
(MGI Ref ID J:111488)
slowed intracellular calcium ion decay
(MGI Ref ID J:111488)
slowed intracellular calcium ion decay
(MGI Ref ID J:111488)
prolonged relengthening
(MGI Ref ID J:111488)

heart left ventricle hypertrophy
increase in left ventricle wall thickness and mass is seen by 6 months of age but not at 2 months of age
(MGI Ref ID J:103063)
induced weight loss via leptin infusion, but not via caloric restriction, partially resolves the hypertrophy
(MGI Ref ID J:103063)

decreased skeletal muscle fiber size
cross-sectional area of muscle fibers is generally smaller
(MGI Ref ID J:151518)

enlarged myocardial fiber
cardiomyocytes display larger resting cell length and cross-sectional area
(MGI Ref ID J:104171)

abnormal muscle morphology
muscle protein content is reduced
(MGI Ref ID J:151518)

decreased skeletal muscle mass
mean muscle mass consistently less than controls but magnitude of difference is muscle specific
(MGI Ref ID J:151518)

neoplasm

increased metastatic potential
increased metastasis to the lung of both melanoma cell lines and lung cancer cell lines initially injected in the tail vein
(MGI Ref ID J:117826)
leptin reduces the level of metastasis
(MGI Ref ID J:117826)

nervous system phenotype

abnormal sympathetic nervous system physiology
(MGI Ref ID J:145998)

renal/urinary system phenotype

abnormal urine catecholamine level
urine levels of norepinephrine only slightly elevated
(MGI Ref ID J:4033)
less epinephrine in the urine of ad libitum fed mice
(MGI Ref ID J:4033)
males show elevated levels of dopamine in urine
(MGI Ref ID J:4033)

abnormal urine homeostasis
males show elevated levels of serotonin and 5'hydroxyindolineacetic acid in urine
(MGI Ref ID J:4033)

reproductive system phenotype

female infertility
females do not produce litters
(MGI Ref ID J:122746)

respiratory system phenotype

lung inflammation
ozone induces a nonsignificant elevation of TNFR2 levels
(MGI Ref ID J:115772)
ozone induces significantly elevated levels of TNFR1
(MGI Ref ID J:115772)

skeleton phenotype

abnormal bone marrow morphology
bone marrow is almost completely replaced with mature adipocytes
(MGI Ref ID J:189019)

cardiovascular system phenotype

decreased cardiac muscle contractility
prolonged relengthening
(MGI Ref ID J:111488)
decreased peak shortening
(MGI Ref ID J:111488)
slowed intracellular calcium ion decay
(MGI Ref ID J:111488)
elevated resting peak calcium ion concentration
(MGI Ref ID J:111488)
slowed intracellular calcium ion decay
(MGI Ref ID J:111488)
cardiomyocytes exhibit a reduced contractile capacity
(MGI Ref ID J:111488)
exhibit cardiac contractile dysfunction that is due to leptin deficiency and not obesity as high fat diet-induced obese controls show normal cardiomyocyte morphology and contractile function
(MGI Ref ID J:104171)

abnormal myocardial fiber morphology
cardiomyocytes exhibit a significantly enlarged cross-sectional area
(MGI Ref ID J:111488)
exhibit myocyte hypertrophy, with increased myocyte diameter and distorted nuclear architecture
(MGI Ref ID J:103063)
exhibit extensive focal damage in myocardial tissue, showing an abundance of lipid droplets in myocytes and damaged mitochondria that are swelled, have disorganized cristae and show loss of integrity
(MGI Ref ID J:104171)

heart left ventricle hypertrophy
increase in left ventricle wall thickness and mass is seen by 6 months of age but not at 2 months of age
(MGI Ref ID J:103063)
induced weight loss via leptin infusion, but not via caloric restriction, partially resolves the hypertrophy
(MGI Ref ID J:103063)

abnormal myocardial fiber physiology
e, and significantly higher oxygen levels
(MGI Ref ID J:104171)
cardiomyocytes exhibit decreased peak shortening and maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening, prolonged time-to-90% relengthening, reduced intracellular calcium release upon electrical stimulus associated with a slowed intracellular calcium decay rate, and significantly higher oxygen levels
(MGI Ref ID J:104171)

enlarged myocardial fiber
cardiomyocytes display larger resting cell length and cross-sectional area
(MGI Ref ID J:104171)

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

abnormal pancreatic beta cell physiology
Background Sensitivity - less beta cell degranulation than seen on the "BKS" background
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)

decreased insulin secretion
leptin-treated islet cells exhibit decreased insulin secretion compared to similarly treated wild-type islets
(MGI Ref ID J:145998)

enlarged pancreatic islets
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)

increased insulin secretion
insulin content in the pancreata is increased compared to in wild-type mice
(MGI Ref ID J:145998)

growth/size/body region phenotype

heart left ventricle hypertrophy
increase in left ventricle wall thickness and mass is seen by 6 months of age but not at 2 months of age
(MGI Ref ID J:103063)
induced weight loss via leptin infusion, but not via caloric restriction, partially resolves the hypertrophy
(MGI Ref ID J:103063)

abnormal body weight
body weight reduced by treatment with Leptin
(MGI Ref ID J:29075)
treatment with triiodothyronine significantly reduces body weight relative to the reduction seen in controls
(MGI Ref ID J:22025)

obese
develop progressive obesity
(MGI Ref ID J:103063)
12-week old males are obese
(MGI Ref ID J:104171)

increased growth rate
mice reach 60-70 g by 10 months of age
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)

increased body weight
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

adipose tissue phenotype

increased interscapular fat pad weight
affected less by treatment with triiodothyronine than controls
(MGI Ref ID J:22377)
brown adipocyte numbers are normal
(MGI Ref ID J:22377)
greater weight than for controls
(MGI Ref ID J:22377)

abnormal epididymal fat pad morphology
treatment with triiodothyronine significantly reduces epididymal fat pad weight relative to the degree of reduction seen in controls
(MGI Ref ID J:22377)
adipocyte size remains larger after treatment with triiodothyronine relative to controls
(MGI Ref ID J:22377)

increased percent body fat/body weight
mice have fat mass of ~42 g compared to ~3 g in wild-type at 16 weeks
(MGI Ref ID J:122746)

decreased white fat cell number
treatment with triiodothyronine significantly reduces adipocyte numbers relative to the degree of reduction seen in controls
(MGI Ref ID J:22377)
treatment with triiodothyronine reduces adipocyte numbers
(MGI Ref ID J:22377)

increased fat cell size
(MGI Ref ID J:189019)

hematopoietic system phenotype

decreased NK cell number
reduced numbers can be restored by treatment with leptin
(MGI Ref ID J:117826)

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

abnormal circulating cholesterol level
(MGI Ref ID J:18161)

abnormal urine homeostasis
males show elevated levels of serotonin and 5'hydroxyindolineacetic acid in urine
(MGI Ref ID J:4033)

abnormal urine catecholamine level
males show elevated levels of dopamine in urine
(MGI Ref ID J:4033)
less epinephrine in the urine of ad libitum fed mice
(MGI Ref ID J:4033)
urine levels of norepinephrine only slightly elevated
(MGI Ref ID J:4033)

decreased oxygen consumption
in the epididymal and brown fat pads
(MGI Ref ID J:22377)

hyperglycemia
serum glucose is 320 mg/dl compared to 134 mg/dl in wild-type controls
(MGI Ref ID J:122746)
mice infrequently transition to severe hyperglycemia
(MGI Ref ID J:65486)
returns to normal by 4-5 months of age
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)
blood sugar peaks at 2-3 months
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)
transient hyperglycemia
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)
Background Sensitivity - homozygotes exhibit a mild, transient hyperglycemia between 10-14 weeks of age as compared to the severe, progressive hyperglycemia observed on the BTBR background
(MGI Ref ID J:65486)

hypoglycemia
older mice are usually hypoglycemic
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)

increased circulating insulin level
serum insulin is 41.5 ng/ml compared to 0.8 ng/ml in wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:122746)
insulin levels increase rapidly to over 50X normal controls
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)
seen in 12-week old males
(MGI Ref ID J:104171)

abnormal oxygen consumption
oxygen consumption about 2/3 that observed in controls
(MGI Ref ID J:22025)
increased by treatment with triiodothyronine
(MGI Ref ID J:22025)
insulin stimulated oxygen consumption by the soleus muscle is little affected by triiodothyronine
(MGI Ref ID J:22377)

abnormal protein level
total body protein lower than in controls
(MGI Ref ID J:22025)
total body protein increased by treatment with triiodothyronine
(MGI Ref ID J:22025)

decreased circulating glucose level
after feeding, serum glucose levels are more than 30% lower than in wild-type mice
(MGI Ref ID J:145998)
when treated with AdipoR2-ASO, mice exhibit a decrease in plasma glucose level
(MGI Ref ID J:189019)
4 weeks' treatment with Adipor2-ASO (antisense oligonucleotide) significantly reduces plasma glucose levels in fed mice
(MGI Ref ID J:129554)

impaired glucose tolerance
(MGI Ref ID J:104171)
glucose intolerance which improved when treated with rosiglitazone
(MGI Ref ID J:107486)
following an acute intraperitoneal glucose injection, the post-challenge glucose level remained elevated up to 120 min compared to controls, indicating glucose intolerance
(MGI Ref ID J:107486)

increased circulating cholesterol level
fasting plasma total cholesterol concentration is increased 2-3 fold over controls
(MGI Ref ID J:18161)

increased insulin secretion
insulin content in the pancreata is increased compared to in wild-type mice
(MGI Ref ID J:145998)

abnormal circulating glucose level
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)

increased circulating LDL cholesterol level
(MGI Ref ID J:18161)

increased circulating triglyceride level
seen in 12-week old males
(MGI Ref ID J:104171)
triglyceride levels are elevated 1.5- to 2-fold
(MGI Ref ID J:18161)

increased circulating VLDL cholesterol level
(MGI Ref ID J:18161)

increased oxygen consumption
in the liver
(MGI Ref ID J:22377)

decreased body temperature
body temperature is maintained a basal level when the ambient temperature is gradually reduced to 4C
(MGI Ref ID J:129662)

decreased insulin secretion
leptin-treated islet cells exhibit decreased insulin secretion compared to similarly treated wild-type islets
(MGI Ref ID J:145998)

insulin resistance
(MGI Ref ID J:104171)

increased circulating HDL cholesterol level
(MGI Ref ID J:18161)

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6

adipose tissue phenotype

abnormal adipose tissue amount
combined white adipose tissue (WAT) mass is increased compared to wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:107169)

growth/size/body region phenotype

decreased lean body mass
decreased (16.0 g, 33% of body weight) compared to wild-type (25.5 g 87% of body weight) or double mutants (19.8g)
(MGI Ref ID J:107169)

increased body weight
higher than wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:107169)

increased liver weight
4.56 g vs 1.44 g in wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:107169)

increased kidney weight
0.54 g vs 0.41 g in wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:107169)

increased pancreas weight
0.41 g vs 0.29 in wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:107169)

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

abnormal circulating pancreatic peptide level
plasma levels of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) are strongly reduced compared to wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:76479)

hyperglycemia
(MGI Ref ID J:107169)

abnormal circulating hormone level
(MGI Ref ID J:76479)

increased circulating insulin level
hyperinsulinemic compared to wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:107169)
level is significantly increased over wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:76479)

increased circulating leptin level
level is significantly increased over wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:76479)

increased circulating corticosterone level
mice display hypercorticosteronemia compared to wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:76479)
mice display hypercorticosteronemia compared to wild-type, Npy2r^tm1.1Hhz homozygotes, or Npy2r, Lep double mutants
(MGI Ref ID J:107169)

increased circulating cholesterol level
5.74 mmol/l vs 3.54 mmol/l in wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:107169)

increased circulating triglyceride level
2.48 mmol/l vs 1.62 mmol/l in wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:107169)

decreased circulating testosterone level
level is markedly decreased compared to wild-type or Lep heterozygotes
(MGI Ref ID J:76479)
significantly lower (4.2 nmol/l) compared to wild-type (14.2 nmol/l)
(MGI Ref ID J:107169)

behavior/neurological phenotype

polyphagia
(MGI Ref ID J:107169)

integument phenotype

abnormal branching of the mammary ductal tree
in virgin females, no ductal development occurs
(MGI Ref ID J:76479)

digestive/alimentary phenotype

abnormal intestine morphology
mice display intestinal hypertrophy compared to wild-type mice (intestine weight - 1.89 g vs 1.03 g in wild-type; intestine length 43 cm vs 33 cm in wild-type)
(MGI Ref ID J:107169)

liver/biliary system phenotype

increased liver weight
4.56 g vs 1.44 g in wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:107169)

renal/urinary system phenotype

increased kidney weight
0.54 g vs 0.41 g in wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:107169)

reproductive system phenotype

abnormal vagina orifice morphology
vaginal opening is very small compared to wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:76479)

prolonged estrous cycle
beginning at 9 weeks of age, estrous cycles last 11-15 days
(MGI Ref ID J:76479)

decreased testis weight
testis weight is significantly lower than in Lep^ob heterozygotes or Lep, Ppyr1 double null mice
(MGI Ref ID J:76479)
testes weigh 0.19 g compared to 0.33 g in wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:107169)

female infertility
homozygous females produce no litters
(MGI Ref ID J:76479)

male infertility
only one male tested was able to sire a litter
(MGI Ref ID J:76479)
no males could produce offspring
(MGI Ref ID J:107169)

abnormal ovarian folliculogenesis
ovaries have very few primary or secondary follicles
(MGI Ref ID J:76479)

absent corpus luteum
no corpora lutea develops properly in ovary
(MGI Ref ID J:76479)

decreased seminal vesicle weight
weight of gland is significantly lower than wild-type or heterozygotes
(MGI Ref ID J:76479)

prolonged diestrus
mice have diestrous-like swab until 9 weeks of age
(MGI Ref ID J:76479)

prolonged estrus
beginning at 9 weeks of age, estrous-like cytology lasts 6-8 days
(MGI Ref ID J:76479)

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

decreased testis weight
testes weigh 0.19 g compared to 0.33 g in wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:107169)
testis weight is significantly lower than in Lep^ob heterozygotes or Lep, Ppyr1 double null mice
(MGI Ref ID J:76479)

increased pancreas weight
0.41 g vs 0.29 in wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:107169)

abnormal branching of the mammary ductal tree
in virgin females, no ductal development occurs
(MGI Ref ID J:76479)

abnormal ovarian folliculogenesis
ovaries have very few primary or secondary follicles
(MGI Ref ID J:76479)

absent corpus luteum
no corpora lutea develops properly in ovary
(MGI Ref ID J:76479)

decreased seminal vesicle weight
weight of gland is significantly lower than wild-type or heterozygotes
(MGI Ref ID J:76479)

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
B6.Cg-Lep/JRj

cellular phenotype

abnormal cell cycle
hepatocytes accumulate in G2 phase in cultures at 60 hours after plating indicating a G2/M arrest
(MGI Ref ID J:220381)
Normal - treatment with the antioxidant NAC reduces accumulation of BrdU at 60 hours after plating, indicating normal progression through the cell cycle
(MGI Ref ID J:220381)
hepatocytes accumulate in S phase at late time points during culture compared to control hepatocytes which exit S phase
(MGI Ref ID J:220381)

oxidative stress
Normal - treatment with the antioxidant NAC impairs the accumulation of ROS with no impact on cell viability
(MGI Ref ID J:220381)
markers of oxidative stress are detectable in hepatocytes both in vitro and in vivo
(MGI Ref ID J:220381)
Normal - long-term administration of NAC alleviates oxidative stress in the liver parenchyma
(MGI Ref ID J:220381)

increased hepatocyte apoptosis
high-calorie diet induces some hepatocyte apoptosis
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

increased cholesterol level
total cholesterol levels are increased in mice fed a high-calorie diet for 1 month and 3 months
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)

increased circulating free fatty acids level
plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) are increased after 1 month of a high-calorie diet, suggesting enhanced lipolysis
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)
Normal - however, plasma NEFAs are normalized after 3 months of high-calorie diet
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)

increased susceptibility to diet-induced obesity
mice exhibit increased body weight when fed a high-calorie diet for 1 or 3 months
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)
body weight tends to be higher than in Lepr^db homozygotes when fed a high-calorie diet
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)

immune system phenotype

liver inflammation
hepatic necroinflammation is not prominent but tends to be detected more frequently than in Lepr^db homozygotes after 1 month of standard chow but this trend is no longer seen after 3 months
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)
steatohepatitis is seen occasionally after 3 months of a standard diet but is not seen when mice are fed a high-calorie diet
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)

liver/biliary system phenotype

abnormal hepatocyte physiology
livers are enriched in hepatocytes with high DNA content compared to controls
(MGI Ref ID J:220381)
Normal - treatment with the antioxidant NAC restores a normal ploidy profile in mutant cultures
(MGI Ref ID J:220381)
liver contains highly polyploid mononuclear hepatocytes which are infrequently seen in wild-type liver
(MGI Ref ID J:220381)
the mononuclear diploid (2n) hepatocyte population is lower in the mutant liver than in wild-type liver while mononuclear tetraploid hepatocytes are enriched in the mutant liver
(MGI Ref ID J:220381)
binuclear fraction of hepatocytes is lower in the liver parenchyma
(MGI Ref ID J:220381)

hepatic steatosis
steatosis is more severe than in Lepr^db homozygotes whatever the diet, but the difference is most obvious after 1 month of standard chow
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)
mediovesicular steatosis is more frequently seen than in Lepr^db homozygotes
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)
mice develop steatosis, with steatosis mainly localized in the centrilobular and mediolobular areas
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)

increased hepatocyte apoptosis
high-calorie diet induces some hepatocyte apoptosis
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)

liver inflammation
hepatic necroinflammation is not prominent but tends to be detected more frequently than in Lepr^db homozygotes after 1 month of standard chow but this trend is no longer seen after 3 months
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)
steatohepatitis is seen occasionally after 3 months of a standard diet but is not seen when mice are fed a high-calorie diet
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)

liver fibrosis
some portal and perisinusoidal fibrosis is seen in standard diet fed mice at 3 months and is increased when mice are fed the high-calorie diet
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)

macrovesicular hepatic steatosis
macrovacuolar steatosis is similar to that seen in Lepr^db homozygotes
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)

mammalian phenotype

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype
Normal - mice do not exhibit an increase in plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate levels when fed a high-calorie diet
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)

growth/size/body region phenotype

increased body weight
mice exhibit increased body weight at 3 months, but not 1 month, of standard chow diet
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)

increased susceptibility to diet-induced obesity
mice exhibit increased body weight when fed a high-calorie diet for 1 or 3 months
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)
body weight tends to be higher than in Lepr^db homozygotes when fed a high-calorie diet
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
BTBR.Cg-Lep/WiscJ

cardiovascular system phenotype

hypotension
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

hyperglycemia
Background Sensitivity - blood glucose levels are higher than obese mice on the C57BL/6 background
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)
hyperglycemia is more evident in males than females, but after a time delay, also occurs in females
(MGI Ref ID J:106121)
mice exhibit hyperglycemia by 8 weeks of age
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)
males progress to blood glucose levels of 399 +/- 38.8 mg/dl by 22 weeks of age
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)
females progress to blood glucose levels of 333 +/- 46.3 mg/dl by 22 weeks of age
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

albuminuria
increased albumin creatinine ratio
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)
albuminuria is detected as early as 8 weeks of age, progressing to a 10-fold difference by 20 weeks of age
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

increased cholesterol level
increased cholesterol levels in both male and female mice
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

increased circulating insulin level
mice are hyperinsulinemic by 6 weeks of age but levels decrease as glucose levels rise
(MGI Ref ID J:106121)

insulin resistance
by 14 weeks of age, many females have even lower plasma insulin and increasing plasma glucose levels
(MGI Ref ID J:106121)
males show a similar progression of insulin resistance as females but starting at an earlier age, showing high insulin and high glucose at 6 weeks of age
(MGI Ref ID J:106121)
by 10 weeks of age, female mice are hyperglycemic while still maintaining high (but insufficient) levels of insulin
(MGI Ref ID J:106121)
at 6 weeks of age, most females are insulin resistant; they are hyperinsulinemic while maintaining only moderately elevated glucose levels
(MGI Ref ID J:106121)

increased blood urea nitrogen level
increased BUN levels in both male and female mice
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

increased circulating triglyceride level
(MGI Ref ID J:106121)
increased serum triglyceride levels in both male and female mice
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

impaired glucose tolerance
inability to clear plasma glucose following an overnight fast
(MGI Ref ID J:106121)

mammalian phenotype

cardiovascular system phenotype
Normal - mice do not develop atherosclerosis
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

renal/urinary system phenotype

increased kidney weight
kidney weight of males is increased compared to females
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)
both sexes exhibit increased kidney weight as compared to wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

abnormal podocyte morphology
reduced podocyte number
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)
reduced podocyte density
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

expanded mesangial matrix
renal lesions are characterized by increased glomerular mesangial matrix accumulation
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

albuminuria
albuminuria is detected as early as 8 weeks of age, progressing to a 10-fold difference by 20 weeks of age
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)
increased albumin creatinine ratio
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

glomerulosclerosis
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

mesangiolysis
mesangiolysis increases with age reaching 33.1% by 22 weeks of age
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)
mesangiolysis is observed in 8% of glomeruli 8 week old mice
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)
diffuse mesangial sclerosis
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

increased renal glomerulus basement membrane thickness
glomerular basement membrane thickness is increased by 18% as compared to wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

enlarged kidney
renal hypertrophy
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

renal glomerulus hypertrophy
increased glomerular size
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

renal interstitial fibrosis
focal and mild interstitial fibrosis is observed in 12 week old mice
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)
interstitial collagen accumulation is increased at 24 weeks of age as compared to wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

decreased pancreatic beta cell mass
(MGI Ref ID J:106121)

abnormal pancreatic islet morphology
whole pancreas insulin content is reduced by 75-80% compared to mutants on the C57BL/6 background
(MGI Ref ID J:106121)
architecture of islets is disrupted, with many noninsulin staining cells in the central core
(MGI Ref ID J:106121)

small pancreatic islets
many small islets that show poor insulin staining
(MGI Ref ID J:106121)

growth/size/body region phenotype

increased kidney weight
both sexes exhibit increased kidney weight as compared to wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)
kidney weight of males is increased compared to females
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

increased body weight
body weight is increased by 8 weeks of age as compared to heterozygotes and wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

enlarged kidney
renal hypertrophy
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
involves: BTBR * C57BL/6 * V stock

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

pancreatic islet hyperplasia
mildly diabetic F2 mice exhibit large numbers of hyperplastic pancreatic islets
(MGI Ref ID J:65486)

decreased pancreatic beta cell number
severely diabetic mice exhibit reduced numbers of beta cells
(MGI Ref ID J:65486)

disorganized pancreatic islets
moderate to severely diabetic F2 mice have no hyperplasia, but exhibit cellular disorganization and fibrosis
(MGI Ref ID J:65486)
severely diabetic F2 mice exhibit concavities with acinar tissue intrusions
(MGI Ref ID J:65486)

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

increased circulating insulin level
homozygotes exhibit a 50 fold range in fasting insulin (2.5-125 ng/ml)
(MGI Ref ID J:65486)

hyperglycemia
homozygotes exhibit a 7.5 fold range in fasting glucose (100-750 mg/dl)
(MGI Ref ID J:65486)

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep⁺
involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6

growth/size/body region phenotype

increased liver weight
mice show significant increase in relative and absolute hepatic weight compared to wild-type; otherwise, no differences from wild-type are noted
(MGI Ref ID J:76479)

liver/biliary system phenotype

increased liver weight
mice show significant increase in relative and absolute hepatic weight compared to wild-type; otherwise, no differences from wild-type are noted
(MGI Ref ID J:76479)

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
BTBR.Cg-Lep

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

hyperglycemia
Background Sensitivity - homozygotes exhibit severe, progressive hyperglycemia between 10-14 weeks of age as compared to the mild, transient hyperglycemia observed on the C57BL/6 background
(MGI Ref ID J:65486)

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep⁺
involves: C57BL/6J

skeleton phenotype

increased bone mass
increased bone mass even on a low fat diet to delay obesity
(MGI Ref ID J:60001)

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
B6.Cg-Lep/JBomTac

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

increased circulating triglyceride level
3-fold
(MGI Ref ID J:149091)

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
FVB.Cg-Lep/Chua

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

increased circulating insulin level
mice are hyperinsulinemic like congenic FVB Lepr^db mice
(MGI Ref ID J:78850)

hyperglycemia
mice are hyperglycemic like congenic FVB Lepr mice
(MGI Ref ID J:78850)

~~The following phenotype relates to a compound genotype created using this strain~~

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
BKS.Cg-Lep/J

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

increased circulating VLDL cholesterol level
(MGI Ref ID J:18161)

increased circulating HDL cholesterol level
(MGI Ref ID J:18161)

increased circulating insulin level
insulin levels increase only through the first 2 months
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)
levels drop back to normal
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)

abnormal circulating cholesterol level
(MGI Ref ID J:18161)

abnormal circulating glucose level
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)

increased circulating cholesterol level
fasting plasma total cholesterol concentration is increased 2-3 fold over controls
(MGI Ref ID J:18161)

hyperglycemia
stabilizes at around 400-500 mg/100 ml
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)
blood sugar continues to rise
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)
blood sugar never returns to control levels
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)

increased urine glucose level
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)

increased circulating LDL cholesterol level
(MGI Ref ID J:18161)

increased circulating triglyceride level
triglyceride levels are elevated 1.5- to 2-fold
(MGI Ref ID J:18161)

mortality/aging

premature death
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

small pancreatic islets
after 2 months, islets become smaller and atrophic
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)

abnormal pancreatic beta cell physiology
Background Sensitivity - more beta cell degranulation than seen on the 'B6' background
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)

renal/urinary system phenotype

polyuria
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)

increased urine glucose level
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)

growth/size/body region phenotype

increased growth rate
slowly lose weight from 4 months on
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)
mice reach 45-55 g by 3-4 months of age
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)

References

Ewart-Toland A; Mounzih K; Qiu J; Chehab FF. 1999. Effect of the genetic background on the reproduction of leptin-deficient obese mice. Endocrinology 140(2):732-8PubMed: 9927300 MGI: J:52903
Malik NM; Carter ND; Murray JF; Scaramuzzi RJ; Wilson CA; Stock MJ. 2001. Leptin requirement for conception, implantation, and gestation in the mouse. Endocrinology 142(12):5198-202PubMed: 11713215 MGI: J:94783
Oler AT; Attie AD. 2008. A rapid, microplate SNP genotype assay for the leptinob allele. J Lipid Res 49(5):1126-9PubMed: 18272929 MGI: J:133040

Additional References
Campfield LA; Smith FJ; Guisez Y; Devos R; Burn P. 1995. Recombinant mouse OB protein: evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks [see comments] Science 269(5223):546-9PubMed: 7624778 MGI: J:29160
Charlton HM. 1984. Mouse mutants as models in endocrine research. Q J Exp Physiol 69(4):655-76PubMed: 6393185 MGI: J:7702
Coleman DL. 1973. Effects of parabiosis of obese with diabetes and normal mice. Diabetologia 9(4):294-8PubMed: 4767369 MGI: J:5401
Coleman DL. 1982. Thermogenesis in diabetes-obesity syndromes in mutant mice. Diabetologia 22(3):205-11PubMed: 7075918 MGI: J:6756
Coleman DL; Hummel KP. 1973. The influence of genetic background on the expression of the obese (Ob) gene in the mouse. Diabetologia 9(4):287-93PubMed: 4588246 MGI: J:5400
Erickson JC; Hollopeter G; Palmiter RD. 1996. Attenuation of the obesity syndrome of ob/ob mice by the loss of neuropeptide Y. Science 274(5293):1704-7PubMed: 8939859 MGI: J:37106
Halaas JL; Gajiwala KS; Maffei M; Cohen SL; Chait BT; Rabinowitz D; Lallone RL; Burley SK; Friedman JM. 1995. Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene [see comments] Science 269(5223):543-6PubMed: 7624777 MGI: J:29161
Haluzik M; Colombo C; Gavrilova O; Chua S; Wolf N; Chen M; Stannard B; Dietz KR; Le Roith D; Reitman ML. 2004. Genetic background (C57BL/6J versus FVB/N) strongly influences the severity of diabetes and insulin resistance in ob/ob mice. Endocrinology 145(7):3258-64PubMed: 15059949 MGI: J:90742
Herberg L; Coleman DL. 1977. Laboratory animals exhibiting obesity and diabetes syndromes. Metabolism 26(1):59-99PubMed: 834144 MGI: J:5759
Kaplan ML; Trout JR; Leveille GA. 1976. Adipocyte size distribution in ob/ob mice during preobese and obese phases of development. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 153(3):476-82PubMed: 1013161 MGI: J:5765
MacDougald OA; Hwang CS; Fan H; Lane MD. 1995. Regulated expression of the obese gene product (leptin) in white adipose tissue and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92(20):9034-7PubMed: 7568067 MGI: J:29081
Nishina PM; Lowe S; Wang J; Paigen B. 1994. Characterization of plasma lipids in genetically obese mice: the mutants obese, diabetes, fat, tubby, and lethal yellow. Metabolism 43(5):549-53PubMed: 8177042 MGI: J:18161
Pelleymounter MA; Cullen MJ; Baker MB; Hecht R; Winters D; Boone T; Collins F. 1995. Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mice [see comments] Science 269(5223):540-3PubMed: 7624776 MGI: J:29162
Trayhurn P; James WP. 1978. Thermoregulation and non-shivering thermogenesis in the genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse. Pflugers Arch 373(2):189-93PubMed: 565045 MGI: J:5958
Trayhurn P; Thurlby PL; James WP. 1977. Thermogenic defect in pre-obese ob/ob mice. Nature 266(5597):60-2PubMed: 840297 MGI: J:12010
Zhang Y; Proenca R; Maffei M; Barone M; Leopold L; Friedman JM. 1994. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue [published erratum appears in Nature 1995 Mar 30;374(6521):479] [see comments] Nature 372(6505):425-32PubMed: 7984236 MGI: J:20512

Additional - Lep^ob related

Technical Support

CONTACT TECHNICAL SUPPORT

Genotyping Protocols

Restriction Enzyme Digest:Lep

Pyrosequencing:Lep

End Point Analysis:Lep

Genotyping resources and troubleshooting

Appearance

black, fat
Related Genotype: a/a Lep^ob/Lep^ob

black, lean
Related Genotype: a/a Lep^ob/+ or a/a ?/+

Citation
When using the BKS-obese mouse strain in a publication, please cite the originating article(s) and include JAX stock #000696 in your Materials and Methods section.

Animal Health Reports

Facility Barrier Level Descriptions

Production of mice from cryopreserved embryos or sperm occurs in a maximum barrier room, G200

Pricing & Availability

Cryo Recovery

Domestic

International

Live Mouse

Age Genotype Price

weeks

Cryorecovery - Pricing

Service/Product Description Price

Heterozygous or Wildtype for Lep<ob>

Related Products and Services

Frozen Mouse Embryo BKS.Cg-Lep<ob>/J Frozen Embryos $2595.00
Frozen Mouse Embryo BKS.Cg-Lep<ob>/J Frozen Embryos $2595.00
Frozen Mouse Embryo BKS.Cg-Lep<ob>/J Frozen Embryos $3373.50
Frozen Mouse Embryo BKS.Cg-Lep<ob>/J Frozen Embryos $3373.50

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The Jackson Laboratory's Genotype Promise

The Jackson Laboratory has rigorous genetic quality control and mutant gene genotyping programs to ensure the genetic background of JAX® Mice strains as well as the genotypes of strains with identified molecular mutations. JAX® Mice strains are only made available to researchers after meeting our standards. However, the phenotype of each strain may not be fully characterized and/or captured in the strain data sheets. Therefore, we cannot guarantee a strain's phenotype will meet all expectations. To ensure that JAX® Mice will meet the needs of individual research projects or when requesting a strain that is new to your research, we suggest ordering and performing tests on a small number of mice to determine suitability for your particular project. We do not guarantee breeding performance and therefore suggest that investigators order more than one breeding pair to avoid delays in their research.

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Terms Of Use

General Terms and Conditions

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Frozen Mouse Embryo	BKS.Cg-Lep<ob>/J Frozen Embryos	$2595.00
Frozen Mouse Embryo	BKS.Cg-Lep<ob>/J Frozen Embryos	$2595.00
Frozen Mouse Embryo	BKS.Cg-Lep<ob>/J Frozen Embryos	$3373.50
Frozen Mouse Embryo	BKS.Cg-Lep<ob>/J Frozen Embryos	$3373.50

Overview

Also Known As:BKS-obese

Genetic overview

Lepob

Research Applications

Base Price

Details

Detailed Description

Control Suggestions

Additional Information

Selected References

Genetics

Lepob

Allele Symbol: Lepob

Disease/Phenotype

Disease Terms

Model with phenotypic similarity to human disease where etiologies are distinct. Human genes are associated with this disease. Orthologs of these genes do not appear in the mouse genotype(s).

Models with phenotypic similarity to human diseases where etiology is unknown or involving genes where ortholog is unknown.

Research Areas By Phenotype

This mouse can be used to support research in many areas including:

Genotype: Lepob related

Mammalian Phenotype Terms by Genotype

Genotype: Lepob/Lepobinvolves: C57BL/6J

adipose tissue phenotype

cardiovascular system phenotype

cellular phenotype

digestive/alimentary phenotype

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

growth/size/body region phenotype

hematopoietic system phenotype

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

immune system phenotype

integument phenotype

liver/biliary system phenotype

mortality/aging

muscle phenotype

nervous system phenotype

skeleton phenotype

behavior/neurological phenotype

vision/eye phenotype

Genotype: Lepob/Lepobinvolves: C57BL/6

cellular phenotype

immune system phenotype

liver/biliary system phenotype

hematopoietic system phenotype

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

Genotype: Lepob/LepobD2.Cg-Lep/Chua

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

growth/size/body region phenotype

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

Genotype: Lepob/Lepobinvolves: STOCK Mlph a Tgfa Cdh23 Ednrb

embryo phenotype

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

adipose tissue phenotype

growth/size/body region phenotype

hematopoietic system phenotype

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

behavior/neurological phenotype

immune system phenotype

limbs/digits/tail phenotype

liver/biliary system phenotype

nervous system phenotype

reproductive system phenotype

cardiovascular system phenotype

skeleton phenotype

Genotype: Lepob/LepobB6.Cg-Lep/OlaHsd

digestive/alimentary phenotype

immune system phenotype

liver/biliary system phenotype

Genotype: Lepob/Lepobinvolves: 129 * C57BL/6

adipose tissue phenotype

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

liver/biliary system phenotype

behavior/neurological phenotype

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

growth/size/body region phenotype

Genotype: Lepob/LepobB6.Cg-Lep/J

immune system phenotype

integument phenotype

behavior/neurological phenotype

Lep^ob

Lep^ob

Allele Symbol: Lep^ob

Genotype: Lep^ob related

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
involves: C57BL/6J

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
involves: C57BL/6

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
D2.Cg-Lep/Chua

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
involves: STOCK Mlph a Tgfa Cdh23 Ednrb

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
B6.Cg-Lep/OlaHsd

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
involves: 129 * C57BL/6

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
B6.Cg-Lep/J

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
B6.Cg-Lep/JRj

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
BTBR.Cg-Lep/WiscJ

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
involves: BTBR * C57BL/6 * V stock

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep⁺
involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
BTBR.Cg-Lep

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep⁺
involves: C57BL/6J

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
B6.Cg-Lep/JBomTac

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
FVB.Cg-Lep/Chua

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
BKS.Cg-Lep/J

Additional - Lep^ob related