Overview

Also Known As:BKS-obese

These mice carry a spontaneous mutation at the Lep locus on a C57BLKS/J background and are characterized by obesity, hyperphagia, hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, and elevated plasma insulin. On the C57BLKS background homozygotes become severely diabetic with regression of islets and early death.

Genetic overview

Genetic Background	Generation
000662 C57BLKS/J

Lep^ob

Allele Type	Gene Symbol	Gene Name
Spontaneous (Null/Knockout)	Lep	leptin

View Genetics

Research Applications

Diabetes and Obesity Research
Internal/Organ Research
Metabolism Research
Mouse/Human Gene Homologs
Endocrine Deficiency Research
Immunology, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Research
Reproductive Biology Research

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Base Price

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Details

Detailed Description

Mice homozygous for the obese spontaneous mutation (Lep^ob, commonly referred to as ob or ob/ob) are first recognizable at about 4 weeks old. Homozygous mutant mice increase in weight rapidly and may reach three times the normal weight of wildtype controls. In addition to obesity, mutant mice exhibit hyperphagia; a diabetes-like syndrome of hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, and elevated plasma insulin; subfertility; and increased hormone production from both pituitary and adrenal. They are also hypometabolic and hypothermic. The obesity is characterized by both an increased number and size of adipocytes. Although hyperphagia contributes to the obesity, homozygotes gain excess weight and deposit excess fat even when restricted to a diet sufficient for normal weight maintenance in lean mice. Hyperinsulinemia does not develop until after the increase body weight and is probably the result of it. Homozygotes do have an abnormally low threshold for stimulation of pancreatic islet insulin secretion even in very young preobese animals. As is the case with the diabetes mutant (Lep^db), manifestation of the diabetic syndrome is strikingly dependent on genetic background. On the C57BLKS background Lep^ob/Lep^obhomozygotes become severely diabetic with regression of islets and early death. Cloning of the Lep gene has made possible the production of recombinant leptin. Injection of this protein into Lep^ob/Lep^ob homozygotes sharply reduced body weight, decreased food intake, and increased energy expenditure.

Control Suggestions

Untyped from the colony
000662 C57BLKS/J

Additional Information

Considerations for Choosing Controls

Selected References

Ewart-Toland A; Mounzih K; Qiu J; Chehab FF. 1999. Effect of the genetic background on the reproduction of leptin-deficient obese mice. Endocrinology 140(2):732-8PubMed: 9927300 MGI: J:52903
Malik NM; Carter ND; Murray JF; Scaramuzzi RJ; Wilson CA; Stock MJ. 2001. Leptin requirement for conception, implantation, and gestation in the mouse. Endocrinology 142(12):5198-202PubMed: 11713215 MGI: J:94783
Oler AT; Attie AD. 2008. A rapid, microplate SNP genotype assay for the leptinob allele. J Lipid Res 49(5):1126-9PubMed: 18272929 MGI: J:133040

View All References

Genetics

Lep^ob

Allele Symbol: Lep^ob

Allele Name	obese
Allele Type	Spontaneous (Null/Knockout)
Allele Synonym(s)	ob; ob/ob
Gene Symbol and Name	Lep, leptin
Gene Synonym(s)
Strain of Origin	STOCK Mlph^ln a Tgfa^wa1 Cdh23^v Ednrb^s
Chromosome	6
Molecular Note	Sequencing of RT-PCR products revealed a nonsense mutation in arginine codon 105 (p.R105*) resulting from a C-to-T point mutation. The 16 kDa leptin protein, expressed predominantly in adipose tissue of normal mice, is missing from homozygous mutant mice (J:29081).

Disease/Phenotype

Disease Terms

Model with phenotypic similarity to human disease where etiologies are distinct. Human genes are associated with this disease. Orthologs of these genes do not appear in the mouse genotype(s).

Models with phenotypic similarity to human diseases where etiology is unknown or involving genes where ortholog is unknown.

Research Areas By Phenotype

This mouse can be used to support research in many areas including:

Diabetes and Obesity Research
- Hyperglycemia
- Type 2 Diabetes (NIDDM)
Internal/Organ Research
- Wound Healing
  - delayed/impaired

Genotype: Lep^ob related

Metabolism Research
Diabetes and Obesity Research
- Hyperinsulinemia
- Insulin Resistance
- Obesity With Diabetes
- Impaired Wound Healing
Mouse/Human Gene Homologs
- obesity, severe, due to leptin deficiency (rare)
Endocrine Deficiency Research
- Adipose Defects
- Hypothalamus/Pituitary Defects
- Pancreas Defects
Immunology, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Research
- Immunodeficiency Associated with Other Defects
Internal/Organ Research
- Adipose Defects
Reproductive Biology Research
- Fertility Defects

Mammalian Phenotype Terms by Genotype

The following phenotype information is associated with a similar, but not exact match to this JAX^® Mice strain

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6

adipose tissue phenotype

abnormal adipose tissue amount
- combined white adipose tissue (WAT) mass is increased compared to wild-type

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

increased pancreas weight
- 0.41 g vs 0.29 in wild-type

decreased testis weight
- testes weigh 0.19 g compared to 0.33 g in wild-type
- testis weight is significantly lower than in Lep^ob heterozygotes or Lep, Ppyr1 double null mice

absent corpus luteum
- no corpora lutea develops properly in ovary

decreased seminal vesicle weight
- weight of gland is significantly lower than wild-type or heterozygotes

abnormal branching of the mammary ductal tree
- in virgin females, no ductal development occurs

abnormal ovarian folliculogenesis
- ovaries have very few primary or secondary follicles

growth/size/body region phenotype

increased kidney weight
- 0.54 g vs 0.41 g in wild-type

decreased lean body mass
- decreased (16.0 g, 33% of body weight) compared to wild-type (25.5 g 87% of body weight) or double mutants (19.8g)

increased body weight
- higher than wild-type

increased liver weight
- 4.56 g vs 1.44 g in wild-type

increased pancreas weight
- 0.41 g vs 0.29 in wild-type

behavior/neurological phenotype

polyphagia

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

increased circulating corticosterone level
- mice display hypercorticosteronemia compared to wild-type
- mice display hypercorticosteronemia compared to wild-type, Npy2r^tm1.1Hhz homozygotes, or Npy2r, Lep double mutants

abnormal circulating hormone level

decreased circulating testosterone level
- level is markedly decreased compared to wild-type or Lep heterozygotes
- significantly lower (4.2 nmol/l) compared to wild-type (14.2 nmol/l)

abnormal circulating pancreatic peptide level
- plasma levels of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) are strongly reduced compared to wild-type

hyperglycemia

increased circulating triglyceride level
- 2.48 mmol/l vs 1.62 mmol/l in wild-type

increased circulating insulin level
- hyperinsulinemic compared to wild-type
- level is significantly increased over wild-type

increased circulating cholesterol level
- 5.74 mmol/l vs 3.54 mmol/l in wild-type

increased circulating leptin level
- level is significantly increased over wild-type

integument phenotype

abnormal branching of the mammary ductal tree
- in virgin females, no ductal development occurs

digestive/alimentary phenotype

abnormal intestine morphology
- mice display intestinal hypertrophy compared to wild-type mice (intestine weight - 1.89 g vs 1.03 g in wild-type; intestine length 43 cm vs 33 cm in wild-type)

liver/biliary system phenotype

increased liver weight
- 4.56 g vs 1.44 g in wild-type

renal/urinary system phenotype

increased kidney weight
- 0.54 g vs 0.41 g in wild-type

reproductive system phenotype

abnormal ovarian folliculogenesis
- ovaries have very few primary or secondary follicles

male infertility
- no males could produce offspring
- only one male tested was able to sire a litter

female infertility
- homozygous females produce no litters

prolonged estrus
- beginning at 9 weeks of age, estrous-like cytology lasts 6-8 days

absent corpus luteum
- no corpora lutea develops properly in ovary

decreased seminal vesicle weight
- weight of gland is significantly lower than wild-type or heterozygotes

decreased testis weight
- testes weigh 0.19 g compared to 0.33 g in wild-type
- testis weight is significantly lower than in Lep^ob heterozygotes or Lep, Ppyr1 double null mice

abnormal vagina orifice morphology
- vaginal opening is very small compared to wild-type

prolonged estrous cycle
- beginning at 9 weeks of age, estrous cycles last 11-15 days

prolonged diestrus
- mice have diestrous-like swab until 9 weeks of age

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
D2.Cg-Lep/Chua

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

increased pancreatic beta cell number
- there is a 5-fold increase in number of insulin-secreting cells per islet in obese mice with high insulin secretion

abnormal pancreatic islet morphology
- islets of mutants with low insulin levels are abnormal in appearance, being found in clusters of 1-4 cells, scattered within the ductal epithelium

decreased pancreatic beta cell number
- mutants with low insulin secretion have a low number of insulin-secreting cells compared to controls or high-insulin secreting mutants

growth/size/body region phenotype

obese

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

increased circulating insulin level
- some mutant DBA/2J mice have high insulin levels compared to controls

hyperglycemia
- at 3 months of age, males are hyperglycemic with blood glucose levels of ~574 mg/dl; females have levels of ~388 mg/dl

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
involves: C57BL/6

cellular phenotype

decreased T cell proliferation

immune system phenotype

decreased splenocyte number

decreased T cell proliferation

decreased CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell number

liver/biliary system phenotype

increased liver cholesterol level
- livers exhibit slightly, but significantly, higher levels of cholesterol

increased liver triglyceride level
- livers exhibit about 10x higher levels of triglyceride

hematopoietic system phenotype

decreased splenocyte number

decreased CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell number

decreased T cell proliferation

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

increased circulating HDL cholesterol level
- slightly elevated at 3 and 8 months of age

increased circulating triglyceride level
- seen at 3-4 months of age

increased liver triglyceride level
- livers exhibit about 10x higher levels of triglyceride

increased circulating cholesterol level
- seen at 3-4 months of age

increased liver cholesterol level
- livers exhibit slightly, but significantly, higher levels of cholesterol

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
involves: BTBR * C57BL/6 * V stock

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

pancreatic islet hyperplasia
- mildly diabetic F2 mice exhibit large numbers of hyperplastic pancreatic islets

disorganized pancreatic islets
- moderate to severely diabetic F2 mice have no hyperplasia, but exhibit cellular disorganization and fibrosis
- severely diabetic F2 mice exhibit concavities with acinar tissue intrusions

decreased pancreatic beta cell number
- severely diabetic mice exhibit reduced numbers of beta cells

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

hyperglycemia
- homozygotes exhibit a 7.5 fold range in fasting glucose (100-750 mg/dl)

increased circulating insulin level
- homozygotes exhibit a 50 fold range in fasting insulin (2.5-125 ng/ml)

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
involves: C57BL/6J

cardiovascular system phenotype

abnormal cardiovascular system physiology
- oxygen consumption is elevated when perfused with glucose and palmitate
- oxygen consumption of the heart does not increase with an increased workload
- attenuated heart response to increased calcium

abnormal retinal vasculature morphology
- neovascularization is significantly suppressed under standard oxygen conditions relative to controls

increased heart weight
- heart weight elevated relative to controls

cellular phenotype

abnormal respiratory electron transport chain
- increased ADP dependent mitochondrial respiration in glucose and palmitate perfused hearts
- mitochondrial respiration is uncoupled in glucose and palmitate perfused hearts
- mitochondrial respiration is inhibited in glucose perfused hearts

abnormal colon goblet cell morphology
- increased number of mucus filled goblet cells in the colon

abnormal osteoclast differentiation
- increased numbers of osteoclasts

digestive/alimentary phenotype

abnormal colon goblet cell morphology
- increased number of mucus filled goblet cells in the colon

abnormal intestinal mucosa morphology
- thick mucus gel covers the epithelium of the colon

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

enlarged pancreatic islets
- increase in the size of islets of Langerhans and appearance of enormous islets in the pancreas of 30 week old mice

abnormal colon goblet cell morphology
- increased number of mucus filled goblet cells in the colon

abnormal insulin secretion
- lower threshold for glucose induced insulin secretion by beta cells
- acetyl choline has a greater affect to lower the glucose induced threshold for insulin secretion

growth/size/body region phenotype

increased body length

abnormal postnatal growth
- pair fed mice gain less weight as protein than when feeding is unrestricted
- pair fed mice restrict food intake to that of controls
- pair fed mice gain considerably more weight as fat than controls eating the same quantity of food
- pair fed mice gain less weight than when feeding is unrestricted

obese
- increase in weight gain in a short period of time

increased heart weight
- heart weight elevated relative to controls

increased lean body mass
- increase in lean mass at 8 and 16 weeks of age

increased liver weight

hematopoietic system phenotype

abnormal osteoclast differentiation
- increased numbers of osteoclasts

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

abnormal glucose homeostasis

abnormal insulin secretion
- lower threshold for glucose induced insulin secretion by beta cells
- acetyl choline has a greater affect to lower the glucose induced threshold for insulin secretion

increased fasting circulating glucose level
- fasting mice show increased glucose levels at 6 weeks of age

hyperglycemia

increased adrenocorticotropin level
- levels in the pituitary are much higher than in pituitaries of controls

increased circulating insulin level

impaired glucose tolerance
- observed prior to any significant increase in body weight

abnormal corticosterone level
- corticosterone response to stress greater than in controls
- diurnal variation greater than in controls

abnormal hormone level

increased circulating corticosterone level
- severe

insulin resistance
- in the insulin tolerance test, mice reduce their glucose levels within 30 min to about 80% compared to 50% in wild-type mice at 6 weeks of age
- mice do not respond to insulin in the insulin tolerance test at 15 weeks of age, indicating insulin resistance

adipose tissue phenotype

increased interscapular fat pad weight

increased fat cell size
- increase in area size of epigonadal fat cells

increased percent body fat/body weight
- increase in fat mass at 8 and 16 weeks of age

increased gonadal fat pad weight
- increase in epigonadal fat tissue weight

increased inguinal fat pad weight

immune system phenotype

abnormal osteoclast differentiation
- increased numbers of osteoclasts

integument phenotype

increased thermal nociceptive threshold
- 88% increased latency of hind-limb withdrawal from a heat stimulus

abnormal epidermal layer morphology
- significant reduction in intraepidermal nerve fiber density

liver/biliary system phenotype

hepatic steatosis

increased liver weight

mortality/aging

postnatal lethality, incomplete penetrance
- 50 % higher postnatal death rate of males

muscle phenotype

abnormal muscle contractility
- basal calcium ion concentration increases sharply toward the end of a series of 50 tetanic contractions (single cell measures)
- number of tetani required to reduce force by 40% is significantly less than for controls

nervous system phenotype

decreased nerve conduction velocity
- 16% lower motor nerve conduction velocity than controls
- hind limb sensory nerve conduction velocity reduced 22%

skeleton phenotype

osteopetrosis
- 2 fold increase in trabecular bone volume
- increased numbers of thick trabeculae at 3 and 6 months

abnormal skeleton development
- rate of new bone formation increased at both 3 and 6 months

increased bone mass
- increased bone mass even on a low fat diet to delay obesity
- denser vertebrae and long bones at 6 months

abnormal osteoclast differentiation
- increased numbers of osteoclasts

behavior/neurological phenotype

abnormal behavior
- faster in food finding trials relative to controls

increased thermal nociceptive threshold
- 88% increased latency of hind-limb withdrawal from a heat stimulus

polyphagia
- mice eat twice as much as wild-type mice

hypoactivity

vision/eye phenotype

abnormal retinal vasculature morphology
- neovascularization is significantly suppressed under standard oxygen conditions relative to controls

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
B6.Cg-Lep/JBomTac

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

increased circulating triglyceride level
- 3-fold

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
B6.Cg-Lep/J

behavior/neurological phenotype

abnormal frequency of paradoxical sleep
- increased REM in dark phase
- reduced REM in light phase

allodynia
- epineural application of leptin treated peritoneal macrophage induces tactile allodynia
- resistant to tactile allodynia caused by partial sciatic nerve ligation

abnormal pain threshold

abnormal sleep pattern
- additional sleep primarily in the dark phase
- increased non-REM sleep time
- increased total sleep time in a 24 hour period
- recovery from sleep deprivation involves increased duration of non-REM bouts rather than increased number of bouts as seen in controls

abnormal food intake

fragmentation of sleep/wake states
- sleep more fragmented
- more arousals
- shorter wake periods

hypoactivity
- more wheel running activity in light phase and less in dark phase
- less wheel running activity
- significantly reduced activity relative to wild-type controls

decreased food intake
- food intake is reduced by Leptin treatment

polyphagia
- mice eat 70% more than wild-type controls

hyperalgesia
- display thermal hyperalgesia after partial sciatic nerve ligation

increased food intake
- increased food intake when ambient temperature drops from 28 to 21C

immune system phenotype

lung inflammation
- ozone induces a nonsignificant elevation of TNFR2 levels
- ozone induces significantly elevated levels of TNFR1

decreased NK cell number
- reduced numbers can be restored by treatment with leptin

integument phenotype

allodynia
- resistant to tactile allodynia caused by partial sciatic nerve ligation
- epineural application of leptin treated peritoneal macrophage induces tactile allodynia

hyperalgesia
- display thermal hyperalgesia after partial sciatic nerve ligation

abnormal pain threshold

liver/biliary system phenotype

abnormal liver weight
- treatment with triiodothyronine significantly reduces relative and absolute liver weight

muscle phenotype

abnormal myocardial fiber morphology
- cardiomyocytes exhibit a significantly enlarged cross-sectional area
- exhibit myocyte hypertrophy, with increased myocyte diameter and distorted nuclear architecture
- exhibit extensive focal damage in myocardial tissue, showing an abundance of lipid droplets in myocytes and damaged mitochondria that are swelled, have disorganized cristae and show loss of integrity

decreased cardiac muscle contractility
- cardiomyocytes exhibit a reduced contractile capacity
- decreased peak shortening
- elevated resting peak calcium ion concentration
- exhibit cardiac contractile dysfunction that is due to leptin deficiency and not obesity as high fat diet-induced obese controls show normal cardiomyocyte morphology and contractile function
- slowed intracellular calcium ion decay
- prolonged relengthening
- slowed intracellular calcium ion decay

abnormal skeletal muscle fiber type ratio
- lower proportion of faster myosin heavy chain isoforms

heart left ventricle hypertrophy
- increase in left ventricle wall thickness and mass is seen by 6 months of age but not at 2 months of age
- induced weight loss via leptin infusion, but not via caloric restriction, partially resolves the hypertrophy

decreased skeletal muscle fiber size
- cross-sectional area of muscle fibers is generally smaller

enlarged myocardial fiber
- cardiomyocytes display larger resting cell length and cross-sectional area

abnormal muscle morphology
- muscle protein content is reduced

decreased skeletal muscle mass
- mean muscle mass consistently less than controls but magnitude of difference is muscle specific

neoplasm

increased metastatic potential
- leptin reduces the level of metastasis
- increased metastasis to the lung of both melanoma cell lines and lung cancer cell lines initially injected in the tail vein

nervous system phenotype

abnormal sympathetic nervous system physiology

renal/urinary system phenotype

abnormal urine catecholamine level
- urine levels of norepinephrine only slightly elevated
- less epinephrine in the urine of ad libitum fed mice
- males show elevated levels of dopamine in urine

abnormal urine homeostasis
- males show elevated levels of serotonin and 5'hydroxyindolineacetic acid in urine

reproductive system phenotype

female infertility
- females do not produce litters

respiratory system phenotype

lung inflammation
- ozone induces significantly elevated levels of TNFR1
- ozone induces a nonsignificant elevation of TNFR2 levels

skeleton phenotype

abnormal bone marrow morphology
- bone marrow is almost completely replaced with mature adipocytes

cardiovascular system phenotype

abnormal myocardial fiber morphology
- cardiomyocytes exhibit a significantly enlarged cross-sectional area
- exhibit myocyte hypertrophy, with increased myocyte diameter and distorted nuclear architecture
- exhibit extensive focal damage in myocardial tissue, showing an abundance of lipid droplets in myocytes and damaged mitochondria that are swelled, have disorganized cristae and show loss of integrity

abnormal myocardial fiber physiology
- e, and significantly higher oxygen levels
- cardiomyocytes exhibit decreased peak shortening and maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening, prolonged time-to-90% relengthening, reduced intracellular calcium release upon electrical stimulus associated with a slowed intracellular calcium decay rate, and significantly higher oxygen levels

decreased cardiac muscle contractility
- decreased peak shortening
- slowed intracellular calcium ion decay
- elevated resting peak calcium ion concentration
- cardiomyocytes exhibit a reduced contractile capacity
- exhibit cardiac contractile dysfunction that is due to leptin deficiency and not obesity as high fat diet-induced obese controls show normal cardiomyocyte morphology and contractile function
- prolonged relengthening
- slowed intracellular calcium ion decay

heart left ventricle hypertrophy
- induced weight loss via leptin infusion, but not via caloric restriction, partially resolves the hypertrophy
- increase in left ventricle wall thickness and mass is seen by 6 months of age but not at 2 months of age

enlarged myocardial fiber
- cardiomyocytes display larger resting cell length and cross-sectional area

adipose tissue phenotype

increased fat cell size

increased interscapular fat pad weight
- affected less by treatment with triiodothyronine than controls
- greater weight than for controls
- brown adipocyte numbers are normal

abnormal epididymal fat pad morphology
- treatment with triiodothyronine significantly reduces epididymal fat pad weight relative to the degree of reduction seen in controls
- adipocyte size remains larger after treatment with triiodothyronine relative to controls

decreased white fat cell number
- treatment with triiodothyronine reduces adipocyte numbers
- treatment with triiodothyronine significantly reduces adipocyte numbers relative to the degree of reduction seen in controls

increased percent body fat/body weight
- mice have fat mass of ~42 g compared to ~3 g in wild-type at 16 weeks

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

abnormal pancreatic beta cell physiology
- Background Sensitivity - less beta cell degranulation than seen on the "BKS" background

decreased insulin secretion
- leptin-treated islet cells exhibit decreased insulin secretion compared to similarly treated wild-type islets

enlarged pancreatic islets

increased insulin secretion
- insulin content in the pancreata is increased compared to in wild-type mice

growth/size/body region phenotype

abnormal body weight
- body weight reduced by treatment with Leptin
- treatment with triiodothyronine significantly reduces body weight relative to the reduction seen in controls

heart left ventricle hypertrophy
- induced weight loss via leptin infusion, but not via caloric restriction, partially resolves the hypertrophy
- increase in left ventricle wall thickness and mass is seen by 6 months of age but not at 2 months of age

obese
- develop progressive obesity
- 12-week old males are obese

increased body weight

increased growth rate
- mice reach 60-70 g by 10 months of age

hematopoietic system phenotype

decreased NK cell number
- reduced numbers can be restored by treatment with leptin

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

abnormal oxygen consumption
- oxygen consumption about 2/3 that observed in controls
- increased by treatment with triiodothyronine
- insulin stimulated oxygen consumption by the soleus muscle is little affected by triiodothyronine

hyperglycemia
- mice infrequently transition to severe hyperglycemia
- transient hyperglycemia
- blood sugar peaks at 2-3 months
- Background Sensitivity - homozygotes exhibit a mild, transient hyperglycemia between 10-14 weeks of age as compared to the severe, progressive hyperglycemia observed on the BTBR background
- serum glucose is 320 mg/dl compared to 134 mg/dl in wild-type controls
- returns to normal by 4-5 months of age

abnormal urine catecholamine level
- males show elevated levels of dopamine in urine
- urine levels of norepinephrine only slightly elevated
- less epinephrine in the urine of ad libitum fed mice

abnormal urine homeostasis
- males show elevated levels of serotonin and 5'hydroxyindolineacetic acid in urine

abnormal circulating glucose level

decreased body temperature
- body temperature is maintained a basal level when the ambient temperature is gradually reduced to 4C

decreased circulating glucose level
- 4 weeks' treatment with Adipor2-ASO (antisense oligonucleotide) significantly reduces plasma glucose levels in fed mice
- after feeding, serum glucose levels are more than 30% lower than in wild-type mice
- when treated with AdipoR2-ASO, mice exhibit a decrease in plasma glucose level

decreased insulin secretion
- leptin-treated islet cells exhibit decreased insulin secretion compared to similarly treated wild-type islets

increased circulating insulin level
- seen in 12-week old males
- serum insulin is 41.5 ng/ml compared to 0.8 ng/ml in wild-type
- insulin levels increase rapidly to over 50X normal controls

insulin resistance

abnormal protein level
- total body protein increased by treatment with triiodothyronine
- total body protein lower than in controls

impaired glucose tolerance
- glucose intolerance which improved when treated with rosiglitazone
- following an acute intraperitoneal glucose injection, the post-challenge glucose level remained elevated up to 120 min compared to controls, indicating glucose intolerance

increased circulating cholesterol level
- fasting plasma total cholesterol concentration is increased 2-3 fold over controls

increased insulin secretion
- insulin content in the pancreata is increased compared to in wild-type mice

decreased oxygen consumption
- in the epididymal and brown fat pads

hypoglycemia
- older mice are usually hypoglycemic

increased circulating HDL cholesterol level

increased circulating triglyceride level
- triglyceride levels are elevated 1.5- to 2-fold
- seen in 12-week old males

abnormal circulating cholesterol level

increased circulating LDL cholesterol level

increased circulating VLDL cholesterol level

increased oxygen consumption
- in the liver

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
involves: STOCK Mlph a Tgfa Cdh23 Ednrb

embryo phenotype

abnormal embryonic neuroepithelium morphology
significantly fewer cells at E16 and E18 but not at E14
(MGI Ref ID J:105139)
cell proliferation is lower at E14 and E16
(MGI Ref ID J:105139)

decreased embryonic neuroepithelium thickness
thin at E18
(MGI Ref ID J:105139)

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

abnormal gland physiology
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

increased pancreatic beta cell mass
increased size
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

increased pancreatic beta cell number
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

abnormal pancreatic beta cell morphology
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

decreased activity of thyroid gland
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

hypersecretion of corticosterone
increased glucocorticoids from the adrenal
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

adipose tissue phenotype

abnormal fat cell morphology
hyperplasia
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)(MGI Ref ID J:5253)

increased fat cell size
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

abnormal white adipose tissue morphology
subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) has less uridine content than in wild-type mice
(MGI Ref ID J:260830)

growth/size/body region phenotype

decreased body length
expansive hind quarters
(MGI Ref ID J:13066)
square shape
(MGI Ref ID J:13066)
short body
(MGI Ref ID J:13066)
first noticeable at 4-6 weeks of age
(MGI Ref ID J:13066)

increased body weight
(MGI Ref ID J:159285)

increased growth rate
weigh twice as much as controls at 3 months of age
(MGI Ref ID J:13066)
begin to gain weight rapidly by 4-6 weeks of age
(MGI Ref ID J:13066)
weigh 75-90g at 10 months
(MGI Ref ID J:13066)

hematopoietic system phenotype

abnormal microglial cell physiology
migrate normally to injury sites but do not proliferate
(MGI Ref ID J:115569)
30-40% as many activated microglia 5 days after kainic acid treatment as for controls
(MGI Ref ID J:115569)

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

abnormal hormone level
increased levels of melanocyte stimulating hormone
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)
increased beta endorphin levels
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

abnormal vascular wound healing
neointimal area increased by leptin injection or adenoviral leptin treatment
(MGI Ref ID J:135034)
reduced neointimal area relative to controls 4 weeks after femoral artery injury
(MGI Ref ID J:135034)
vascular smooth muscle proliferation significantly reduced
(MGI Ref ID J:135034)

decreased body temperature
mice have a lower basal body temperature than controls
(MGI Ref ID J:12010)

impaired adaptive thermogenesis
mice acclimated to 12C before exposure survive better to 4C exposure than un-acclimated controls
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)
mice moved directly to 4C from 21C become hypothermic and die
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)
60 minute exposure of 17 day old mice to 4C results in a marked drop in body temperature
(MGI Ref ID J:12010)
extreme cold susceptibility
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

increased liver triglyceride level
double the control littermate's triglyceride level in 7 to 14 weeks old mice
(MGI Ref ID J:199803)

decreased circulating tumor necrosis factor level
48% of control levels after kainate injection
(MGI Ref ID J:115569)

impaired glucose tolerance
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

abnormal response to cardiac infarction
mice exhibit a significant decline in cardiac function, and increase in apoptosis and necrosis, and elevated reactive oxygen species generation after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury
(MGI Ref ID J:219470)

abnormal nucleotide metabolism
Normal - however, epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) and liver uridine content are not different
(MGI Ref ID J:260830)
subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) has less uridine content than in wild-type mice
(MGI Ref ID J:260830)

decreased liver triglyceride level
lower level than wild-type after 36 hour fasting in 7-week-old mice.
(MGI Ref ID J:199803)

hyperglycemia
transient hyperglycemia
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

increased circulating insulin level
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

increased adrenocorticotropin level
increased pituitary ACTH
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

abnormal glucose homeostasis
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

behavior/neurological phenotype

polyphagia
hyperphagia
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

immune system phenotype

decreased circulating tumor necrosis factor level
48% of control levels after kainate injection
(MGI Ref ID J:115569)

abnormal microglial cell physiology
30-40% as many activated microglia 5 days after kainic acid treatment as for controls
(MGI Ref ID J:115569)
migrate normally to injury sites but do not proliferate
(MGI Ref ID J:115569)

limbs/digits/tail phenotype

short femur
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)

short humerus
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)

liver/biliary system phenotype

increased liver triglyceride level
double the control littermate's triglyceride level in 7 to 14 weeks old mice
(MGI Ref ID J:199803)

decreased liver triglyceride level
lower level than wild-type after 36 hour fasting in 7-week-old mice.
(MGI Ref ID J:199803)

decreased susceptibility to hepatic steatosis
after 36 hour fasting in 7-week-old mice
(MGI Ref ID J:199803)

cardiovascular system phenotype

abnormal arteriole morphology
basal arteriolar diameter is greater than controls
(MGI Ref ID J:151096)
potassium-ATP channel inhibition eliminates diameter difference from controls
(MGI Ref ID J:151096)

abnormal vascular wound healing
reduced neointimal area relative to controls 4 weeks after femoral artery injury
(MGI Ref ID J:135034)
neointimal area increased by leptin injection or adenoviral leptin treatment
(MGI Ref ID J:135034)
vascular smooth muscle proliferation significantly reduced
(MGI Ref ID J:135034)

abnormal response to cardiac infarction
mice exhibit a significant decline in cardiac function, and increase in apoptosis and necrosis, and elevated reactive oxygen species generation after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury
(MGI Ref ID J:219470)

nervous system phenotype

abnormal embryonic neuroepithelium morphology
cell proliferation is lower at E14 and E16
(MGI Ref ID J:105139)
significantly fewer cells at E16 and E18 but not at E14
(MGI Ref ID J:105139)

decreased embryonic neuroepithelium thickness
thin at E18
(MGI Ref ID J:105139)

abnormal microglial cell physiology
30-40% as many activated microglia 5 days after kainic acid treatment as for controls
(MGI Ref ID J:115569)
migrate normally to injury sites but do not proliferate
(MGI Ref ID J:115569)

abnormal cortical plate morphology
fewer cells in the cortical plate at E18
(MGI Ref ID J:105139)

decreased embryonic neuroepithelial cell proliferation
cell proliferation is lower at E14 and E16
(MGI Ref ID J:105139)

reproductive system phenotype

infertility
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

reduced male fertility
only 20% of young males are fertile
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

male infertility
all older males are sterile
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

female infertility
homozygous females fail to ovulate
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

skeleton phenotype

abnormal long bone epiphyseal plate morphology
less organized loose reticular distribution of collagen fibrils
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)
more fragile than controls
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)
failure at a force of 4.9 Newtons as compared to 8.4 Newtons in controls
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)
breakage at the chondro-osseous junction
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)
reduced expression of "type-X" collagen
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)

abnormal long bone hypertrophic chondrocyte zone
poor alignment
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)
increased numbers of apoptotic chondrocytes
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)
column structure is disturbed
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)
mostly mineralized as compared to less than 50% mineralized in controls
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)

abnormal long bone epiphyseal plate proliferative zone
column structure is disturbed
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)
poor alignment
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)

short femur
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)

short humerus
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)

decreased length of long bones
(MGI Ref ID J:102535)

decreased bone mass
reduced bone mass
(MGI Ref ID J:7702)

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
B6.Cg-Lep/OlaHsd

digestive/alimentary phenotype

abnormal intestinal epithelium morphology
reduced levels of occludin in intestinal sections
(MGI Ref ID J:124815)
zonula occludens 1 has a discontinuous distribution
(MGI Ref ID J:124815)

abnormal digestive system physiology
transepithelial resistance in the epithelium is reduced, indictive of a disrupted mucosal barrier function
(MGI Ref ID J:124815)

immune system phenotype

abnormal chemokine secretion
increased release of monocyte chemo attractant protein by hepatic stellate cells
(MGI Ref ID J:124815)

increased interleukin-6 secretion
increased release by hepatic stellate cells
(MGI Ref ID J:124815)

liver inflammation
(MGI Ref ID J:124815)

increased susceptibility to endotoxin shock
increased succeptibility of hepatic stellate cells to LPS
(MGI Ref ID J:124815)

abnormal acute inflammation
higher levels of endotoxin are found in portal blood (entotoxemia)
(MGI Ref ID J:124815)

liver/biliary system phenotype

liver inflammation
(MGI Ref ID J:124815)

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
involves: 129 * C57BL/6

adipose tissue phenotype

increased percent body fat/body weight
40% increase compared to wild-type at 20 weeks
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

increased insulin secretion
at 16 weeks of age
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)

insulin resistance
at 16 weeks
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)

increased circulating insulin level
at 4 and 16 weeks of age
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)

abnormal lipid level
sphingomeylin and antioxidant ethanolamine plasmlogen are markedly decreased
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)

liver/biliary system phenotype

hepatic steatosis
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)

behavior/neurological phenotype

hypoactivity
at 20 weeks, mice have decreased locomotor activity compared to wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)

polyphagia
hyperphagic
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

enlarged pancreatic islets
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)

increased pancreatic islet number
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)

abnormal pancreatic islet morphology
at 16 weeks, increased islet-to-pancreases volume ratios
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)
at 16 weeks, islet insulin content is 30-fold greater than in Pparg^tm1Avb Lep^ob homozygotes
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)

increased insulin secretion
at 16 weeks of age
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)

growth/size/body region phenotype

increased body weight
mice quickly become heavier and have significantly elevated body weights at 4 and 6 weeks of age in females and males, respectively
(MGI Ref ID J:121534)

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
BTBR.Cg-Lep/WiscJ

cardiovascular system phenotype

hypotension
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

albuminuria
increased albumin creatinine ratio
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)
albuminuria is detected as early as 8 weeks of age, progressing to a 10-fold difference by 20 weeks of age
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

hyperglycemia
Background Sensitivity - blood glucose levels are higher than obese mice on the C57BL/6 background
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)
hyperglycemia is more evident in males than females, but after a time delay, also occurs in females
(MGI Ref ID J:106121)
females progress to blood glucose levels of 333 +/- 46.3 mg/dl by 22 weeks of age
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)
males progress to blood glucose levels of 399 +/- 38.8 mg/dl by 22 weeks of age
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)
mice exhibit hyperglycemia by 8 weeks of age
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

increased cholesterol level
increased cholesterol levels in both male and female mice
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

increased circulating insulin level
mice are hyperinsulinemic by 6 weeks of age but levels decrease as glucose levels rise
(MGI Ref ID J:106121)

impaired glucose tolerance
inability to clear plasma glucose following an overnight fast
(MGI Ref ID J:106121)

insulin resistance
at 6 weeks of age, most females are insulin resistant; they are hyperinsulinemic while maintaining only moderately elevated glucose levels
(MGI Ref ID J:106121)
by 14 weeks of age, many females have even lower plasma insulin and increasing plasma glucose levels
(MGI Ref ID J:106121)
males show a similar progression of insulin resistance as females but starting at an earlier age, showing high insulin and high glucose at 6 weeks of age
(MGI Ref ID J:106121)
by 10 weeks of age, female mice are hyperglycemic while still maintaining high (but insufficient) levels of insulin
(MGI Ref ID J:106121)

increased circulating triglyceride level
increased serum triglyceride levels in both male and female mice
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)(MGI Ref ID J:106121)

increased blood urea nitrogen level
increased BUN levels in both male and female mice
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

mammalian phenotype

cardiovascular system phenotype
Normal - mice do not develop atherosclerosis
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

abnormal pancreatic islet morphology
whole pancreas insulin content is reduced by 75-80% compared to mutants on the C57BL/6 background
(MGI Ref ID J:106121)
architecture of islets is disrupted, with many noninsulin staining cells in the central core
(MGI Ref ID J:106121)

decreased pancreatic beta cell mass
(MGI Ref ID J:106121)

small pancreatic islets
many small islets that show poor insulin staining
(MGI Ref ID J:106121)

renal/urinary system phenotype

albuminuria
albuminuria is detected as early as 8 weeks of age, progressing to a 10-fold difference by 20 weeks of age
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)
increased albumin creatinine ratio
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

increased renal glomerulus basement membrane thickness
glomerular basement membrane thickness is increased by 18% as compared to wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

glomerulosclerosis
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

increased kidney weight
both sexes exhibit increased kidney weight as compared to wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)
kidney weight of males is increased compared to females
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

mesangiolysis
mesangiolysis increases with age reaching 33.1% by 22 weeks of age
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)
mesangiolysis is observed in 8% of glomeruli 8 week old mice
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)
diffuse mesangial sclerosis
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

abnormal podocyte morphology
reduced podocyte density
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)
reduced podocyte number
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

enlarged kidney
renal hypertrophy
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

renal glomerulus hypertrophy
increased glomerular size
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

renal interstitial fibrosis
focal and mild interstitial fibrosis is observed in 12 week old mice
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)
interstitial collagen accumulation is increased at 24 weeks of age as compared to wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

expanded mesangial matrix
renal lesions are characterized by increased glomerular mesangial matrix accumulation
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

growth/size/body region phenotype

increased body weight
body weight is increased by 8 weeks of age as compared to heterozygotes and wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

increased kidney weight
both sexes exhibit increased kidney weight as compared to wild-type
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)
kidney weight of males is increased compared to females
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

enlarged kidney
renal hypertrophy
(MGI Ref ID J:185261)

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
B6.Cg-Lep/JRj

cellular phenotype

abnormal cell cycle
hepatocytes accumulate in G2 phase in cultures at 60 hours after plating indicating a G2/M arrest
(MGI Ref ID J:220381)
hepatocytes accumulate in S phase at late time points during culture compared to control hepatocytes which exit S phase
(MGI Ref ID J:220381)
Normal - treatment with the antioxidant NAC reduces accumulation of BrdU at 60 hours after plating, indicating normal progression through the cell cycle
(MGI Ref ID J:220381)

increased hepatocyte apoptosis
high-calorie diet induces some hepatocyte apoptosis
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)

oxidative stress
Normal - long-term administration of NAC alleviates oxidative stress in the liver parenchyma
(MGI Ref ID J:220381)
markers of oxidative stress are detectable in hepatocytes both in vitro and in vivo
(MGI Ref ID J:220381)
Normal - treatment with the antioxidant NAC impairs the accumulation of ROS with no impact on cell viability
(MGI Ref ID J:220381)

growth/size/body region phenotype

increased susceptibility to diet-induced obesity
mice exhibit increased body weight when fed a high-calorie diet for 1 or 3 months
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)
body weight tends to be higher than in Lepr^db homozygotes when fed a high-calorie diet
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)

increased body weight
mice exhibit increased body weight at 3 months, but not 1 month, of standard chow diet
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

increased susceptibility to diet-induced obesity
body weight tends to be higher than in Lepr^db homozygotes when fed a high-calorie diet
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)
mice exhibit increased body weight when fed a high-calorie diet for 1 or 3 months
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)

increased cholesterol level
total cholesterol levels are increased in mice fed a high-calorie diet for 1 month and 3 months
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)

increased circulating free fatty acids level
plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) are increased after 1 month of a high-calorie diet, suggesting enhanced lipolysis
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)
Normal - however, plasma NEFAs are normalized after 3 months of high-calorie diet
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)

immune system phenotype

liver inflammation
steatohepatitis is seen occasionally after 3 months of a standard diet but is not seen when mice are fed a high-calorie diet
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)
hepatic necroinflammation is not prominent but tends to be detected more frequently than in Lepr^db homozygotes after 1 month of standard chow but this trend is no longer seen after 3 months
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)

liver/biliary system phenotype

abnormal hepatocyte physiology
livers are enriched in hepatocytes with high DNA content compared to controls
(MGI Ref ID J:220381)
Normal - treatment with the antioxidant NAC restores a normal ploidy profile in mutant cultures
(MGI Ref ID J:220381)
the mononuclear diploid (2n) hepatocyte population is lower in the mutant liver than in wild-type liver while mononuclear tetraploid hepatocytes are enriched in the mutant liver
(MGI Ref ID J:220381)
binuclear fraction of hepatocytes is lower in the liver parenchyma
(MGI Ref ID J:220381)
liver contains highly polyploid mononuclear hepatocytes which are infrequently seen in wild-type liver
(MGI Ref ID J:220381)

hepatic steatosis
mediovesicular steatosis is more frequently seen than in Lepr^db homozygotes
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)
mice develop steatosis, with steatosis mainly localized in the centrilobular and mediolobular areas
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)
steatosis is more severe than in Lepr^db homozygotes whatever the diet, but the difference is most obvious after 1 month of standard chow
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)

increased hepatocyte apoptosis
high-calorie diet induces some hepatocyte apoptosis
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)

liver inflammation
hepatic necroinflammation is not prominent but tends to be detected more frequently than in Lepr^db homozygotes after 1 month of standard chow but this trend is no longer seen after 3 months
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)
steatohepatitis is seen occasionally after 3 months of a standard diet but is not seen when mice are fed a high-calorie diet
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)

liver fibrosis
some portal and perisinusoidal fibrosis is seen in standard diet fed mice at 3 months and is increased when mice are fed the high-calorie diet
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)

macrovesicular hepatic steatosis
macrovacuolar steatosis is similar to that seen in Lepr^db homozygotes
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)

mammalian phenotype

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype
Normal - mice do not exhibit an increase in plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate levels when fed a high-calorie diet
(MGI Ref ID J:277927)

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
FVB.Cg-Lep/Chua

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

increased circulating insulin level
mice are hyperinsulinemic like congenic FVB Lepr^db mice
(MGI Ref ID J:78850)

hyperglycemia
mice are hyperglycemic like congenic FVB Lepr mice
(MGI Ref ID J:78850)

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep⁺
involves: C57BL/6J

skeleton phenotype

increased bone mass
increased bone mass even on a low fat diet to delay obesity
(MGI Ref ID J:60001)

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep⁺
involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6

growth/size/body region phenotype

increased liver weight
mice show significant increase in relative and absolute hepatic weight compared to wild-type; otherwise, no differences from wild-type are noted
(MGI Ref ID J:76479)

liver/biliary system phenotype

increased liver weight
mice show significant increase in relative and absolute hepatic weight compared to wild-type; otherwise, no differences from wild-type are noted
(MGI Ref ID J:76479)

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
BTBR.Cg-Lep

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

hyperglycemia
Background Sensitivity - homozygotes exhibit severe, progressive hyperglycemia between 10-14 weeks of age as compared to the mild, transient hyperglycemia observed on the C57BL/6 background
(MGI Ref ID J:65486)

~~The following phenotype relates to a compound genotype created using this strain~~

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
BKS.Cg-Lep/J

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

abnormal pancreatic beta cell physiology
Background Sensitivity - more beta cell degranulation than seen on the 'B6' background
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)

small pancreatic islets
after 2 months, islets become smaller and atrophic
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)

mortality/aging

premature death
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)

renal/urinary system phenotype

increased urine glucose level
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)

polyuria
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)

growth/size/body region phenotype

increased growth rate
slowly lose weight from 4 months on
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)
mice reach 45-55 g by 3-4 months of age
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

abnormal circulating cholesterol level
(MGI Ref ID J:18161)

abnormal circulating glucose level
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)

hyperglycemia
stabilizes at around 400-500 mg/100 ml
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)
blood sugar continues to rise
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)
blood sugar never returns to control levels
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)

increased circulating VLDL cholesterol level
(MGI Ref ID J:18161)

increased circulating HDL cholesterol level
(MGI Ref ID J:18161)

increased circulating LDL cholesterol level
(MGI Ref ID J:18161)

increased circulating insulin level
insulin levels increase only through the first 2 months
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)
levels drop back to normal
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)

increased urine glucose level
(MGI Ref ID J:5400)

increased circulating triglyceride level
triglyceride levels are elevated 1.5- to 2-fold
(MGI Ref ID J:18161)

increased circulating cholesterol level
fasting plasma total cholesterol concentration is increased 2-3 fold over controls
(MGI Ref ID J:18161)

References

Ewart-Toland A; Mounzih K; Qiu J; Chehab FF. 1999. Effect of the genetic background on the reproduction of leptin-deficient obese mice. Endocrinology 140(2):732-8PubMed: 9927300 MGI: J:52903
Malik NM; Carter ND; Murray JF; Scaramuzzi RJ; Wilson CA; Stock MJ. 2001. Leptin requirement for conception, implantation, and gestation in the mouse. Endocrinology 142(12):5198-202PubMed: 11713215 MGI: J:94783
Oler AT; Attie AD. 2008. A rapid, microplate SNP genotype assay for the leptinob allele. J Lipid Res 49(5):1126-9PubMed: 18272929 MGI: J:133040

Additional References
Campfield LA; Smith FJ; Guisez Y; Devos R; Burn P. 1995. Recombinant mouse OB protein: evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks [see comments] Science 269(5223):546-9PubMed: 7624778 MGI: J:29160
Charlton HM. 1984. Mouse mutants as models in endocrine research. Q J Exp Physiol 69(4):655-76PubMed: 6393185 MGI: J:7702
Coleman DL. 1973. Effects of parabiosis of obese with diabetes and normal mice. Diabetologia 9(4):294-8PubMed: 4767369 MGI: J:5401
Coleman DL. 1982. Thermogenesis in diabetes-obesity syndromes in mutant mice. Diabetologia 22(3):205-11PubMed: 7075918 MGI: J:6756
Coleman DL; Hummel KP. 1973. The influence of genetic background on the expression of the obese (Ob) gene in the mouse. Diabetologia 9(4):287-93PubMed: 4588246 MGI: J:5400
Erickson JC; Hollopeter G; Palmiter RD. 1996. Attenuation of the obesity syndrome of ob/ob mice by the loss of neuropeptide Y. Science 274(5293):1704-7PubMed: 8939859 MGI: J:37106
Halaas JL; Gajiwala KS; Maffei M; Cohen SL; Chait BT; Rabinowitz D; Lallone RL; Burley SK; Friedman JM. 1995. Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene [see comments] Science 269(5223):543-6PubMed: 7624777 MGI: J:29161
Haluzik M; Colombo C; Gavrilova O; Chua S; Wolf N; Chen M; Stannard B; Dietz KR; Le Roith D; Reitman ML. 2004. Genetic background (C57BL/6J versus FVB/N) strongly influences the severity of diabetes and insulin resistance in ob/ob mice. Endocrinology 145(7):3258-64PubMed: 15059949 MGI: J:90742
Herberg L; Coleman DL. 1977. Laboratory animals exhibiting obesity and diabetes syndromes. Metabolism 26(1):59-99PubMed: 834144 MGI: J:5759
Kaplan ML; Trout JR; Leveille GA. 1976. Adipocyte size distribution in ob/ob mice during preobese and obese phases of development. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 153(3):476-82PubMed: 1013161 MGI: J:5765
MacDougald OA; Hwang CS; Fan H; Lane MD. 1995. Regulated expression of the obese gene product (leptin) in white adipose tissue and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92(20):9034-7PubMed: 7568067 MGI: J:29081
Nishina PM; Lowe S; Wang J; Paigen B. 1994. Characterization of plasma lipids in genetically obese mice: the mutants obese, diabetes, fat, tubby, and lethal yellow. Metabolism 43(5):549-53PubMed: 8177042 MGI: J:18161
Pelleymounter MA; Cullen MJ; Baker MB; Hecht R; Winters D; Boone T; Collins F. 1995. Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mice [see comments] Science 269(5223):540-3PubMed: 7624776 MGI: J:29162
Trayhurn P; James WP. 1978. Thermoregulation and non-shivering thermogenesis in the genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse. Pflugers Arch 373(2):189-93PubMed: 565045 MGI: J:5958
Trayhurn P; Thurlby PL; James WP. 1977. Thermogenic defect in pre-obese ob/ob mice. Nature 266(5597):60-2PubMed: 840297 MGI: J:12010
Zhang Y; Proenca R; Maffei M; Barone M; Leopold L; Friedman JM. 1994. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue [published erratum appears in Nature 1995 Mar 30;374(6521):479] [see comments] Nature 372(6505):425-32PubMed: 7984236 MGI: J:20512

Additional - Lep^ob related

Technical Support

CONTACT TECHNICAL SUPPORT

Genotyping Protocols

Restriction Enzyme Digest:Lep

Pyrosequencing:Lep

End Point Analysis:Lep

Genotyping resources and troubleshooting

Appearance

black, fat
Related Genotype: a/a Lep^ob/Lep^ob

black, lean
Related Genotype: a/a Lep^ob/+ or a/a ?/+

Citation
When using the BKS-obese mouse strain in a publication, please cite the originating article(s) and include JAX stock #000696 in your Materials and Methods section.

Animal Health Reports

Facility Barrier Level Descriptions

Production of mice from cryopreserved embryos or sperm occurs in a maximum barrier room, G200

Pricing & Availability

Cryo Recovery

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Live Mouse

Age Genotype Price

weeks

Cryorecovery - Pricing

Service/Product Description Price

Heterozygous or Wildtype for Lep<ob>

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Overview

Also Known As:BKS-obese

Genetic overview

Lepob

Research Applications

Base Price

Details

Detailed Description

Control Suggestions

Additional Information

Selected References

Genetics

Lepob

Allele Symbol: Lepob

Disease/Phenotype

Disease Terms

Model with phenotypic similarity to human disease where etiologies are distinct. Human genes are associated with this disease. Orthologs of these genes do not appear in the mouse genotype(s).

Models with phenotypic similarity to human diseases where etiology is unknown or involving genes where ortholog is unknown.

Research Areas By Phenotype

This mouse can be used to support research in many areas including:

Genotype: Lepob related

Mammalian Phenotype Terms by Genotype

Genotype: Lepob/Lepobinvolves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6

adipose tissue phenotype

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

growth/size/body region phenotype

behavior/neurological phenotype

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

integument phenotype

digestive/alimentary phenotype

liver/biliary system phenotype

renal/urinary system phenotype

reproductive system phenotype

Genotype: Lepob/LepobD2.Cg-Lep/Chua

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

growth/size/body region phenotype

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

Genotype: Lepob/Lepobinvolves: C57BL/6

cellular phenotype

immune system phenotype

liver/biliary system phenotype

hematopoietic system phenotype

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

Genotype: Lepob/Lepobinvolves: BTBR * C57BL/6 * V stock

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

Genotype: Lepob/Lepobinvolves: C57BL/6J

cardiovascular system phenotype

cellular phenotype

digestive/alimentary phenotype

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

growth/size/body region phenotype

hematopoietic system phenotype

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

adipose tissue phenotype

immune system phenotype

integument phenotype

liver/biliary system phenotype

mortality/aging

muscle phenotype

nervous system phenotype

skeleton phenotype

behavior/neurological phenotype

vision/eye phenotype

Genotype: Lepob/LepobB6.Cg-Lep/JBomTac

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

Genotype: Lepob/LepobB6.Cg-Lep/J

behavior/neurological phenotype

immune system phenotype

integument phenotype

liver/biliary system phenotype

muscle phenotype

neoplasm

nervous system phenotype

renal/urinary system phenotype

reproductive system phenotype

respiratory system phenotype

skeleton phenotype

cardiovascular system phenotype

adipose tissue phenotype

Lep^ob

Lep^ob

Allele Symbol: Lep^ob

Genotype: Lep^ob related

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
D2.Cg-Lep/Chua

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
involves: C57BL/6

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
involves: BTBR * C57BL/6 * V stock

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
involves: C57BL/6J

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
B6.Cg-Lep/JBomTac

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
B6.Cg-Lep/J

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
involves: STOCK Mlph a Tgfa Cdh23 Ednrb

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
B6.Cg-Lep/OlaHsd

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
involves: 129 * C57BL/6

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
BTBR.Cg-Lep/WiscJ

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
B6.Cg-Lep/JRj

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
FVB.Cg-Lep/Chua

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep⁺
involves: C57BL/6J

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep⁺
involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
BTBR.Cg-Lep

Genotype: Lep^ob/Lep^ob
BKS.Cg-Lep/J

Additional - Lep^ob related