Mice homozygous for the mocha spontaneous mutation (Ap3d1mh) have increased perinatal mortality. They are recognizable at birth by the absence of visible pigment in the eyes, which darken to deep red in adults. The hairs have considerably smaller and fewer melanin granules than normal. Behavior is abnormal, characterized by hyperactivity, tilted heads, and in some the inability to swim. All homozygotes show degenerative changes in the organ of Corti, stria vascularis, and spiral ganglion, and most show abnormalities of the otoliths in the saccule and utricle. This degeneration can be lessened by the administration of supplemental manganese or, to a lesser degree, zinc to the dam during pregnancy. Evoked auditory brainstem responses appear normal in young homozygotes, but decrease with age coincident with the cochlear degeneration with no response detected after six months of age. At three months of age, mice homozygous for the Ap3d1mh allele have si...
Read More +Genetic Background | Generation |
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Allele Type | Gene Symbol | Gene Name |
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Spontaneous | Ap3d1 | adaptor-related protein complex 3, delta 1 subunit |
Allele Type | Gene Symbol | Gene Name |
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Spontaneous (Null/Knockout) | Mfsd12 | major facilitator superfamily domain containing 12 |
This strain is homozygous for the retinal degeneration allele Pde6brd1.
Mice homozygous for the mocha spontaneous mutation (Ap3d1mh) have increased perinatal mortality. They are recognizable at birth by the absence of visible pigment in the eyes, which darken to deep red in adults. The hairs have considerably smaller and fewer melanin granules than normal. Behavior is abnormal, characterized by hyperactivity, tilted heads, and in some the inability to swim. All homozygotes show degenerative changes in the organ of Corti, stria vascularis, and spiral ganglion, and most show abnormalities of the otoliths in the saccule and utricle. This degeneration can be lessened by the administration of supplemental manganese or, to a lesser degree, zinc to the dam during pregnancy. Evoked auditory brainstem responses appear normal in young homozygotes, but decrease with age coincident with the cochlear degeneration with no response detected after six months of age. At three months of age, mice homozygous for the Ap3d1mh allele have significantly increased auditory evoked potentials after the first of two paired tones. Ap3d1mh-2J homozygotes also show an increased response to thefirst tone but this has not been proven with statistical significance. Homozygotes also show prolonged bleeding times due to a platelet storage pool deficiency (SPD) associated with reduced granulation of the platelets. Consistent with this defective vesicle transport, homozygotes also have decreased levels of renal lysosomal enzymes in the urine. Mocha is thus a mouse mutation that, like pa (pallid) and mu (muted), offers a model for human Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, combining pigment and otolith abnormalities with platelet SPD. Electrocorticograms from awake Ap3d1mh homozygotes show a constant, high voltage, bilaterally synchronous theta wave pattern that is diminished by chloral-hydrate anesthetization. Heterozygotes also have occasional brief bursts of lower voltage theta waves. Ap3d1mh-2J homozygotes do not display hypersynchronized electrocorticograms but have spike-wave and tonic clonic seizures. Ap3d1mh homozygotes may be fertile but are poor breeders. (Lane and Deol, 1974; Rolfson and Erway, 1984; Noebels and Sidman, 1989; Miller et al., 1999; Peden et al., 2002; Kantheti et al., 1998 and 2003.)
This strain is also segregating for the grizzled (gr) spontaneous mutation. gr is a recessive mutation that occasionally causes tail kinks and consistently causes dilution of the yellow pigment but not the black pigment of the hair. The coat color has been described as similar to chinchilla (Tyrc-ch/Tyrc-ch) but with the black pigment remaining undiluted. On the agouti JIGR/Dn background the gr/gr coat color is grayish agouti. On a non-agouti background the hair in the ears and around the genitalia is white. The gr mutation causes 40-50% mortality prior to phenotypic classification and this affects males more than females. This mortality is both postnatal and prenatal from approximately 10 days onward. Pregnant dams expected to carry some homozygotes have been found to carry some dead embryos some of which had craneofacial abnormalities including shortened snout and swollen optic and occipital regions. At birth homozygotes weigh an average of one quarter less than their wildtype siblings. Although they increase in weight as suckling pups, as adults they still weigh 5-25% less than their wildtype siblings. (Falconer, 1950; Bloom and Falconer, 1966.)
This strain is homozygous for the rd1 allele of Pde6b resulting in early onset retinal degeneration in all pups. (Lane and Deol, 1974; Qiao et al., 2003.)
The Ap3d1mh mutation arose spontaneously on the B6.C3-pi/+ background (then at N8) at The Jackson Laboratory in 1963 and was subsequently crossed to a variety of linkage testing stocks (including one carrying Ra, Os, and Pt, one carrying Kcnj6wv, one carrying Re, McolnVa, and Sd, and one carrying Gli3Xt-J, Lystbg-J, and Edaraddcr) before then being crossed to JIGR/Dn (then at F13) which carries Atcayji and
Allele Name | mocha |
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Allele Type | Spontaneous |
Allele Synonym(s) | mh; mocha |
Gene Symbol and Name | Ap3d1, adaptor-related protein complex 3, delta 1 subunit |
Gene Synonym(s) | |
Strain of Origin | B6.C3-Grxcr1pi |
Chromosome | 10 |
Molecular Note | The mutation is a 12 kb deletion that removes at least two exons, resulting in a 496 bp deletion of coding material shortly after the initiating ATG codon and causing an out of frame translation followed by a premature termination site. |
Allele Name | grizzled |
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Allele Type | Spontaneous (Null/Knockout) |
Allele Synonym(s) | |
Gene Symbol and Name | Mfsd12, major facilitator superfamily domain containing 12 |
Gene Synonym(s) | |
Strain of Origin | A x STOCK-Sgk3fz |
Chromosome | 10 |
Molecular Note | A spontaneous mutation deletes 9 base pairs in-frame within exon 2. |
When using the STOCK Mfsd12gr +/+ Ap3d1mh/J mouse strain in a publication, please cite the originating article(s) and include JAX stock #000279 in your Materials and Methods section.
Facility Barrier Level Descriptions
Service/Product | Description | Price |
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Untyped repulsion heterozygotes or Ap3d1<mh> homozygotes or grizzled homozygotes |
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The Jackson Laboratory has rigorous genetic quality control and mutant gene genotyping programs to ensure the genetic background of JAX® Mice strains as well as the genotypes of strains with identified molecular mutations. JAX® Mice strains are only made available to researchers after meeting our standards. However, the phenotype of each strain may not be fully characterized and/or captured in the strain data sheets. Therefore, we cannot guarantee a strain's phenotype will meet all expectations. To ensure that JAX® Mice will meet the needs of individual research projects or when requesting a strain that is new to your research, we suggest ordering and performing tests on a small number of mice to determine suitability for your particular project. We do not guarantee breeding performance and therefore suggest that investigators order more than one breeding pair to avoid delays in their research.
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