cellular phenotype

• maternal effect
  • there are approximately twice the number of cells, development of a small ectoplacental cone and Reichert's membrane, and disintegration of the decidual epithelium characteristic of an advanced implantation site
  (MGI Ref ID J:174504)
  • introducing homozygous A^y embryos into the uterus of a wild-type mouse delays embryonic death until after implantation begins
  (MGI Ref ID J:174504)

mortality/aging

• embryonic lethality at implantation, complete penetrance
  • Background Sensitivity - the genotype of the mother, with or without A^y, determines if a homozygous embryo dies at the initial stage of implantation or after the process begins
  (MGI Ref ID J:174504)
  • putative homozygous embryos appear as small masses of vacuolated cells in decidual crypts at the time normal embryos are implanting; the abnormal embryo is resorbed within 36 hours
  (MGI Ref ID J:174504)

• embryonic lethality
  (MGI Ref ID J:174504)

adipose tissue phenotype

• increased total body fat amount
  • adipose tissue weight increases with age, reaching a maximum at 10 weeks of age
  (MGI Ref ID J:26460)

renal/urinary system phenotype

• abnormal renal tubule morphology
  • basement membrane of tubules is thickened
  (MGI Ref ID J:26460)
  • hyaline materials or hyaline cast is present in tubules
  (MGI Ref ID J:26460)

• increased urine glucose level
  • present at all ages tested (5, 10, 16 weeks) and in both sexes
  (MGI Ref ID J:26460)

• abnormal renal glomerulus morphology
  • some glomeruli exhibit an accumulation of eosinophilic material in the outer parts of the capillary
  (MGI Ref ID J:26460)

• expanded mesangial matrix
  • mesangial matrix is thickened
  (MGI Ref ID J:26460)

• increased renal glomerulus basement membrane thickness
  • basement membrane of Bowman's capsules is thickened
  (MGI Ref ID J:26460)

• renal cast
  • hyaline materials or hyaline cast is present in tubules
  (MGI Ref ID J:26460)

• dilated renal tubules
  (MGI Ref ID J:26460)

endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype

• abnormal pancreatic islet morphology
  • islets are hypertrophic in 10-16 week old mice
  (MGI Ref ID J:26460)
  • central cavity formation with occasional red blood cells is observed in islets
  (MGI Ref ID J:26460)

• degranulated pancreatic beta cells
  • beta cells are degranulated
  (MGI Ref ID J:26460)
  • degranulated islets are infiltrated with fine glycogen granules
  (MGI Ref ID J:26460)

growth/size/body region phenotype

• increased susceptibility to weight gain
  • greater body weight gain occurs in females as compared to black KK controls
  (MGI Ref ID J:26460)

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

• abnormal lipid homeostasis
  • lipogenesis from acetate is elevated at 5 weeks of age, the enhanced activity is maintained until 16 weeks of age
  (MGI Ref ID J:26460)
  • the acetate/glucose ratio is higher than control in young mice
  (MGI Ref ID J:26460)

• hyperglycemia
  • blood glucose levels increase with age in both sexes
  (MGI Ref ID J:26460)
  • marked hyperglycemia (400-500 mg/dl) develops by 16 weeks of age
  (MGI Ref ID J:26460)

• increased circulating insulin level
  • markedly elevated plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) level increases with age
  (MGI Ref ID J:26460)

• impaired glucose tolerance
  (MGI Ref ID J:26460)

• increased urine glucose level
  • present at all ages tested (5, 10, 16 weeks) and in both sexes
  (MGI Ref ID J:26460)

• insulin resistance
  • insulin sensitivity is impaired at 10 weeks and lost by 16 weeks
  (MGI Ref ID J:26460)

growth/size/body region phenotype

• increased liver weight
  • female mice have almost a 2-fold gain in weight of the liver
  (MGI Ref ID J:131039)

• increased body length
  • female but not male mice have a significant 5% increase in their body length
  (MGI Ref ID J:131039)

• obese
  • by 23 weeks of age, female mice have almost double the weight compared to their wild-type littermate controls
  (MGI Ref ID J:131039)

• increased susceptibility to weight gain
  • mice gain weight at a greater rate than littermate controls starting at six weeks of age
  (MGI Ref ID J:131039)

homeostasis/metabolism phenotype

• increased circulating leptin level
  • circulating levels of leptin are over 12-fold higher compared to littermate controls
  (MGI Ref ID J:131039)

integument phenotype

• yellow coat color
  • mice have a yellow coat color
  (MGI Ref ID J:131039)

liver/biliary system phenotype

• increased liver weight
  • female mice have almost a 2-fold gain in weight of the liver
  (MGI Ref ID J:131039)

pigmentation phenotype

• yellow coat color
  • mice have a yellow coat color
  (MGI Ref ID J:131039)

adipose tissue phenotype

• increased inguinal fat pad weight
  • female mice have a greater than 6-fold gain in weight of fat pad
  (MGI Ref ID J:131039)

• increased percent body fat/body weight
  • male mice have almost a 1.8-fold gain in percentage of body fat compared to littermate controls
  (MGI Ref ID J:131039)
  • female mice have almost a 4-fold gain in percentage of body fat compared to littermate controls
  (MGI Ref ID J:131039)

• increased gonadal fat pad weight
  • female mice have almost a 7-fold gain in weight of fat pad
  (MGI Ref ID J:131039)

• increased brown adipose tissue amount
  • female mice have a 6-fold gain in weight of BAT compared to littermate controls
  (MGI Ref ID J:131039)

• increased retroperitoneal fat pad weight
  • female mice have almost a 6-fold gain in weight of fat pad
  (MGI Ref ID J:131039)

behavior/neurological phenotype

• increased food intake
  • 18 week old mice eat about 1.4 times more food during a 7 day period compared to wild-type controls
  (MGI Ref ID J:131039)

• hypoactivity
  • the locomotor activity of mice is about half that of wild-type mice
  (MGI Ref ID J:131039)

behavior/neurological phenotype

• abnormal food intake
  • the stress of isolation, restraint, or ip injection inhibits feeding
  (MGI Ref ID J:102986)

integument phenotype

• abnormal hair follicle melanogenesis
  • tyrosinase levels in hairbulb melanocytes ,as determined by 35S methionine incorporation and immunotitration, are reduced in comparison to a/a controls
  (MGI Ref ID J:1295)
  • decreased tyrosinase suggests the production of predominantly phaeomelanin (yellow)
  (MGI Ref ID J:1295)

pigmentation phenotype

• abnormal hair follicle melanogenesis
  • decreased tyrosinase suggests the production of predominantly phaeomelanin (yellow)
  (MGI Ref ID J:1295)
  • tyrosinase levels in hairbulb melanocytes ,as determined by 35S methionine incorporation and immunotitration, are reduced in comparison to a/a controls
  (MGI Ref ID J:1295)