The hPro-CpepSfGFP transgene is composed of a human wildtype proinsulin tagged with superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) inserted in frame into the C-Peptide domain of human wildtype proinsulin placed downstream of the murine insulin I (Ins1) promoter. Transgene expression is detected only in pancreatic islet beta cells. C-Peptide is a byproduct of insulin production which is stored in beta cells in proportion to insulin content and is a gauge of how much insulin is being produced in the body. The donating investigator states that the human proinsulin doesn&rsquo;t contribute significantly to expression levels of insulin, it is merely serving as a C-peptide tracer. At high resolution, individual insulin secretory granules, and their exocytosis, can be visualized and quantified by fluorescence microscopy even in live animals. This feature allows a morphological estimation of the insulin content of individual islets on the pancreatic surface and release of that insulin content during in vivo insulin secretion in real time during the onset and progression of type 1 diabetes (TID). Islets of hPro-CpepSfGFP mice exhibit a three-fold to five-fold increase in mRNA levels of tryptophan hydroxylase; however, these mRNA levels are 100-fold to 2,000-fold lower than in islets of other hGH minigene&ndash;containing transgenic models. Heterozygous mice are viable and fertile. The donating investigator did not attempt to make a homozygous colony. On a congenic NOD/ShiLtJ genetic background, this mouse line develops spontaneous TID similar to the onset seen in NOD/ShiLtJ inbred mice (Stock No. <a href="https://www.jax.org/strain/001976" target="_blank">001976)</a>. Due to the onset of TID in heterozygotes, it is suggested that breeders are given Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) prior to six weeks of age to delay diabetes onset, thus extending the lifespan of breeders. In an attempt to offer alleles on well-characterized or multiple genetic backgrounds, alleles are frequently moved to a genetic background different from that on which an allele was first characterized. This allele was originally published on a mixed genetic background (see Stock No. <a href="https://www.jax.org/strain/035812">035812</a>). It should be noted that the phenotype could vary from that originally described. The strain description will be modified as published results become available.

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NOD/hPro-CpepSfGFP mice are useful for fluorescence visualization of pancreatic C-peptide by direct observation of the pancreas surface during the onset and progression of type 1 diabetes (TID).

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