Expression has been reported in the pancreatic islets and thymus of NOD mice carrying the Tg(Ins2*Y16A)3Ell mutation. Approximately 15% of line F female transgenic mice become diabetic in the presence of native insulin genes by 35 weeks of age. NOD female transgenic mice lacking both Ins1 and Ins2 fail to produce insulin autoantibodies, and there is no diabetes or insulitis at 26 weeks of age, but sialitis is present. In contrast, transgenic mice in the presence of Ins1 and lacking Ins2 develop diabetes in 75% of the animals by 25 weeks of age (Nakayama et al, 2004, 2005). This stock is useful to study insulin-reactive autoimmunity.

These double knock-out Line F mice carry two knock-out insulin genes, Ins1 and Ins2 along with a transgene expressing a mutated insulin. Female transgenic mice fail to produce insulin autoantibodies, and show no diabetes or insulitis. Sialitis is expressed at a higher level than Line B (Stock No. <a href="https://www.jax.org/strain/005524"">005524</a>).

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