JAX
Mouse Strain Datasheet - 004222
NOD.129P2(B6)-Il4tm1Cgn/DvsJ
Also Known As: NOD.IL4null
Mice homozygous for Il4tm1Cgn have a reduced ability to produce Th2-derived cytokines. IL4 deficient NOD mice develop IDDM with the same incidence as standard NOD/Lt controls.
Donating Investigator
Dr. David Serreze, The Jackson Laboratory
Genetic overview
| Genetic Background | Generation |
|---|---|
|
001289 NOD/ShiLt |
|
Il4tm1Cgn
| Allele Type | Gene Symbol | Gene Name |
|---|---|---|
| Targeted (Null/Knockout) | Il4 | interleukin 4 |
Research Applications
- Diabetes and Obesity Research
- Hematological Research
- Immunology, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Research
- Internal/Organ Research
- Research Tools
- Cancer Research
Detailed Description
Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced suppression of diabetes in NOD mice has been associated with a shift to Th2 cytokine production. NOD mice deficient in IL4 were created to investigate the role of IL4 in this shift. Mice homozygous for the Il4tm1Cgn targeted mutation are viable and fertile. T and B cell development is normal but IgG1and IgE levels and the ability of homozygous mutant mice to produce Th2-derived cytokines are significantly reduced. IL4 deficient NOD mice develop IDDM with the same incidence as standard NOD/Lt controls, and there is no change between IL4 deficient and wildtype NOD in disease protection conferred by treatment of bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine (BCG) or CFA. Both IL4 deficient and wildtype NOD mice are significantly protected from insulitis by treatment of CFA but not by treatment of BCG. (Serreze et al 2001)
Development
A 4.5 kb targeting vector containing the first two exons of the Il4 gene and a neomycin resistance cassette was used to disrupt the first exon of Il4. This construct was transfected into E14-1 embryonic stem cells (derived from 129P2/OlaHsd). Correctly targeted ES cells were injected into C57BL/6 blastocysts. The mutation was maintained on a B6;129 segregating background until it was congenically transferred to NOD/Lt using a marker assisted protocol. At the sixth backcross generation, mice heterozygous for the Il4tm1Cgn mutation and homozygous for all insulin dependent diabetes susceptibility loci (Idd) were intercrossed to produce mice homozygous for the mutation and all Idds. This strain is maintained by sibling mating homozygotes. (Kuhn et al., 1991; Serreze et al., 2001.)
Control Suggestions
Selected References
- Serreze DV; Chapman HD; Post CM; Johnson EA; Suarez-Pinzon WL; Rabinovitch A. 2001. Th1 to Th2 cytokine shifts in nonobese diabetic mice: sometimes an outcome, rather than the cause, of diabetes resistance elicited by immunostimulation. J Immunol 166(2):1352-9. PubMed: 11145720MGI: J:109883
Il4tm1Cgn
Allele Symbol: Il4tm1Cgn
| Allele Name | targeted mutation 1, University of Cologne |
|---|---|
| Allele Type | Targeted (Null/Knockout) |
| Allele Synonym(s) | IL-4 KO; IL-4-; IL-4KO; IL-4T-; IL4-; IL4tm1cgn129; IL4T |
| Gene Symbol and Name | Il4, interleukin 4 |
| Gene Synonym(s) | BCGF-1; BCGF1; BSF-1; BSF1; IL-4; Il-4; Il-4; Il4e12 |
| Strain of Origin | 129P2/OlaHsd |
| Chromosome | 11 |
| Molecular Note | A translational stop codon and a neomycin resistance gene were inserted into the first exon of the gene. |
| Mutations Made By | Dr. Ralf Kuhn, University of Cologne |
Disease Terms
Research Areas By Genotype
This mouse can be used to support research in many areas including:
- Diabetes and Obesity Research
- Impaired Wound Healing
- Islet Transplantation Studies
- Type 1 Diabetes (IDDM) Analysis Strains
- NOD Congenics with Mutations Affecting Cytokine Production by Autoreactive T Cells
- NOD Congenics with Mutations Affecting Immunocompetence
- Type 1 Diabetes (IDDM)
- Congenics with mutations affecting cytokine production by autoreactive T cells
- Hematological Research
- Immunological Defects
- Immunology, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Research
- Immunodeficiency Associated with Other Defects
- Immunodeficiency
- specific T cell deficiency
- Inflammation
- Lymphoid Tissue Defects
- Vaccine Development
- Internal/Organ Research
- Wound Healing
- Research Tools
- Cancer Research
- T cell deficiency
- xenograft/transplant host
- Immunology, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Research
- genes regulating susceptibility to infectious disease and endotoxin
- production of T cell lines and hybridomas
- specific T cell deficiency
- Internal/Organ Research
- Toxicology Research
- B and T cell deficiency, xenograft transplant host
- Cancer Research
Genotype: Il4tm1Cgn related
- Cancer Research
- Growth Factors/Receptors/Cytokines
- Immunology, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Research
- Growth Factors/Receptors/Cytokines
Mammalian Phenotype Terms by Genotype
Genotype: Il4tm1Cgn/Il4tm1Cgn
NOD.129P2-Il4tm1Cgn
homeostasis/metabolism phenotype
- abnormal enzyme/coenzyme activity
- increased circulating glucose level
- mice are diabetic if 2 consecutive measures of blood glucose are >240 mg/dl (MGI Ref ID J:95105)
endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype
- abnormal salivary gland physiology
immune system phenotype
- decreased susceptibility to autoimmune disorder
- in null females challenged with coxsackievirus B4 at 8 weeks of age, diabetes onset is not accelerated as it is in wild-type NOD females; over the 25-week follow up period, only 23% of CVB4 exposed nulls develop diabetes compared to 63% of saline-treated controlscontrols (MGI Ref ID J:95105)
- increased susceptibility to autoimmune disorder
- at 12 weeks of age, null females challenged with CVB4 develop diabetes at an accelerated rate compared with saline-treated controls (80% at 10 days after infection versus 30% of controls) (MGI Ref ID J:95105)
digestive/alimentary phenotype
The following phenotype information is associated with a similar, but not exact match to this JAX® Mice strain
Genotype: Il4tm1Cgn/Il4tm1Cgn
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * NOD
immune system phenotype
- abnormal cytokine secretion
- CD4+ T cells from deficient animals show a strongly reduced ability to produce Il5 after anti-TCR stimulation compared to wild-type cells (MGI Ref ID J:85924)
- decreased IgG1 level
- CD4+ T cells from deficient animals show a reduction in circulating IgG1 in the absence of deliberate immunization (MGI Ref ID J:85924)
hematopoietic system phenotype
- decreased IgG1 level
- CD4+ T cells from deficient animals show a reduction in circulating IgG1 in the absence of deliberate immunization (MGI Ref ID J:85924)
Genotype: Il4tm1Cgn/Il4tm1Cgn
NOD.Cg-H2b Il4tm1Cgn
homeostasis/metabolism phenotype
- abnormal enzyme/coenzyme activity
- amylase activity increases slightly between 4 and 20 weeks of age(181 to 250 U/L) compared to activity in wild-type which decreases (386 to 288 U/L) (MGI Ref ID J:105803)
- parotid secretory protein protease activity is retained in mutants while non-diseased animals do not show activity (MGI Ref ID J:105803)
endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype
- abnormal salivary gland physiology
- mice do not exhibit a decrease in salivary flow rates compared to NOD.B10-H2b mice at 4 weeks of age; normal salivary flow is retained to 36 weeks of age compared to controls (MGI Ref ID J:105803)
- saliva maintains normal protein concentrations compared to NOD and NOD.B10-H2b controls (MGI Ref ID J:105803)
- lacrimal gland inflammation
- foci of leukocytic infiltration contain more T cells than NOD.B10-H2b controls (MGI Ref ID J:105803)
- salivary gland inflammation
- foci of leukocytic infiltration contain more T cells than NOD.B10-H2b controls (MGI Ref ID J:105803)
immune system phenotype
- lacrimal gland inflammation
- foci of leukocytic infiltration contain more T cells than NOD.B10-H2b controls (MGI Ref ID J:105803)
- salivary gland inflammation
- foci of leukocytic infiltration contain more T cells than NOD.B10-H2b controls (MGI Ref ID J:105803)
vision/eye phenotype
- lacrimal gland inflammation
- foci of leukocytic infiltration contain more T cells than NOD.B10-H2b controls (MGI Ref ID J:105803)
digestive/alimentary phenotype
- abnormal salivary gland physiology
- mice do not exhibit a decrease in salivary flow rates compared to NOD.B10-H2b mice at 4 weeks of age; normal salivary flow is retained to 36 weeks of age compared to controls (MGI Ref ID J:105803)
- saliva maintains normal protein concentrations compared to NOD and NOD.B10-H2b controls (MGI Ref ID J:105803)
- salivary gland inflammation
- foci of leukocytic infiltration contain more T cells than NOD.B10-H2b controls (MGI Ref ID J:105803)
Genotype: Il4tm1Cgn/Il4tm1Cgn
either: NOD.129-Il4tm1Cgn or (involves: 129 * NOD)
endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype
- insulitis
- at 12 weeks, insulitis incidence is similar in homozygous mutants and heterozygous controls on the NOD background (N4) (MGI Ref ID J:85924)
immune system phenotype
- autoimmune response
- there is no difference in timing or penetrance of diabetes in IL4-deficient NOD mice (N8) compared to heterozygous or wild-type NOD mice (MGI Ref ID J:85924)
- insulitis
- at 12 weeks, insulitis incidence is similar in homozygous mutants and heterozygous controls on the NOD background (N4) (MGI Ref ID J:85924)
References
- Serreze DV; Chapman HD; Post CM; Johnson EA; Suarez-Pinzon WL; Rabinovitch A. 2001. Th1 to Th2 cytokine shifts in nonobese diabetic mice: sometimes an outcome, rather than the cause, of diabetes resistance elicited by immunostimulation. J Immunol 166(2):1352-9. PubMed: 11145720MGI: J:109883
Additional References
- Dohi T; Fujihashi K; Kiyono H; Elson CO; McGhee JR. 2000. Mice deficient in Th1- and Th2-type cytokines develop distinct forms of hapten-induced colitis. Gastroenterology 119(3):724-33. PubMed: 10982767MGI: J:64230
- Hadeiba H; Corry DB; Locksley RM. 2000. Baseline airway hyperreactivity in A/J mice is not mediated by cells of the adaptive immune system. J Immunol 164(9):4933-40. PubMed: 10779804MGI: J:61706
- Kuhn R; Rajewsky K; Muller W. 1991. Generation and analysis of interleukin-4 deficient mice. Science 254(5032):707-10. PubMed: 1948049MGI: J:704
- Metwali A; Blum AM; Li J; Elliott DE; Weinstock JV. 2000. IL-4 regulates VIP receptor subtype 2 mRNA (VPAC2) expression in T cells in murine schistosomiasis. FASEB J 14(7):948-54. PubMed: 10783149MGI: J:61805
- Tan JT; Dudl E; LeRoy E; Murray R; Sprent J; Weinberg KI; Surh CD. 2001. IL-7 is critical for homeostatic proliferation and survival of naive T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98(15):8732-7. PubMed: 11447288MGI: J:93058
Additional - Il4tm1Cgn related
- Aguirre SA; Perryman LE; Davis WC; McGuire TC. 1998. IL-4 protects adult C57BL/6 mice from prolonged Cryptosporidium parvum infection: analysis of CD4+alpha beta+IFN-gamma+ and CD4+alpha beta+IL-4+ lymphocytes in gut-associated lymphoid tissue during resolution of infection. J Immunol 161(4):1891-900. PubMed: 9712058MGI: J:49699
- Alard P; Clark SL; Kosiewicz MM. 2004. Mechanisms of tolerance induced by TGF beta-treated APC: CD4 regulatory T cells prevent the induction of the immune response possibly through a mechanism involving TGF beta. Eur J Immunol 34(4):1021-30. PubMed: 15048712MGI: J:115475
- Andersen C; Jensen T; Nansen A; Marker O; Thomsen AR. 1999. CD4(+) T cell-mediated protection against a lethal outcome of systemic infection with vesicular stomatitis virus requires CD40 ligand expression, but not IFN-gamma or IL-4. Int Immunol 11(12):2035-42. PubMed: 10590269MGI: J:110491
- Anderson AC; Reddy J; Nazareno R; Sobel RA; Nicholson LB; Kuchroo VK. 2004. IL-10 plays an important role in the homeostatic regulation of the autoreactive repertoire in naive mice. J Immunol 173(2):828-34. PubMed: 15240669MGI: J:91913
- Araujo-Pires AC; Vieira AE; Francisconi CF; Biguetti CC; Glowacki A; Yoshizawa S; Campanelli AP; Trombone AP; Sfeir CS; Little SR; Garlet GP. 2015. IL-4/CCL22/CCR4 axis controls regulatory T-cell migration that suppresses inflammatory bone loss in murine experimental periodontitis. J Bone Miner Res 30(3):412-22. PubMed: 25264308MGI: J:233363
- Babayan SA; Read AF; Lawrence RA; Bain O; Allen JE. 2010. Filarial parasites develop faster and reproduce earlier in response to host immune effectors that determine filarial life expectancy. PLoS Biol 8(10):e1000525. PubMed: 20976099MGI: J:167364
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- Bancroft AJ; Artis D; Donaldson DD; Sypek JP; Grencis RK. 2000. Gastrointestinal nematode expulsion in IL-4 knockout mice is IL-13 dependent. Eur J Immunol 30(7):2083-91. PubMed: 10940898MGI: J:63513
- Bancroft AJ; McKenzie AN; Grencis RK. 1998. A critical role for IL-13 in resistance to intestinal nematode infection. J Immunol 160(7):3453-61. PubMed: 9531306MGI: J:111618
- Beal AM; Ramos-Hernandez N; Riling CR; Nowelsky EA; Oliver PM. 2011. TGF-beta induces the expression of the adaptor Ndfip1 to silence IL-4 production during iT(reg) cell differentiation. Nat Immunol 13(1):77-85. PubMed: 22080920MGI: J:179003
- Bediako Y; Bian Y; Zhang H; Cho H; Stein PL; Wang CR. 2012. SAP is required for the development of innate phenotype in H2-M3--restricted Cd8(+) T cells. J Immunol 189(10):4787-96. PubMed: 23041566MGI: J:190592
- Beenhouwer DO; Shapiro S; Feldmesser M; Casadevall A; Scharff MD. 2001. Both Th1 and Th2 Cytokines Affect the Ability of Monoclonal Antibodies To Protect Mice against Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun 69(10):6445-55. PubMed: 11553589MGI: J:71570
- Belghith M; Bluestone JA; Barriot S; Megret J; Bach JF; Chatenoud L. 2003. TGF-beta-dependent mechanisms mediate restoration of self-tolerance induced by antibodies to CD3 in overt autoimmune diabetes. Nat Med 9(9):1202-8. PubMed: 12937416MGI: J:85362
- Belkaid Y; Hoffmann KF; Mendez S; Kamhawi S; Udey MC; Wynn TA; Sacks DL. 2001. The role of interleukin (IL)-10 in the persistence of Leishmania major in the skin after healing and the therapeutic potential of anti-IL-10 receptor antibody for sterile cure. J Exp Med 194(10):1497-506. PubMed: 11714756MGI: J:118003
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- Bettelli E; Das MP; Howard ED; Weiner HL; Sobel RA; Kuchroo VK. 1998. IL-10 is critical in the regulation of autoimmune encephalomyelitis as demonstrated by studies of IL-10- and IL-4-deficient and transgenic mice. J Immunol 161(7):3299-306. PubMed: 9759845MGI: J:115204
- Bezbradica JS; Gordy LE; Stanic AK; Dragovic S; Hill T; Hawiger J; Unutmaz D; Van Kaer L; Joyce S. 2006. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor regulates effector differentiation of invariant natural killer T cells during thymic ontogeny. Immunity 25(3):487-97. PubMed: 16949316MGI: J:113451
- Blackstock R; Murphy JW. 2004. Role of interleukin-4 in resistance to Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 30(1):109-17. PubMed: 12855407MGI: J:95350
- Bour-Jordan H; Thompson HL; Bluestone JA. 2005. Distinct effector mechanisms in the development of autoimmune neuropathy versus diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. J Immunol 175(9):5649-55. PubMed: 16237054MGI: J:119359
- Brayer JB; Cha S; Nagashima H; Yasunari U; Lindberg A; Diggs S; Martinez J; Goa J; Humphreys-Beher MG; Peck AB. 2001. IL-4-dependent effector phase in autoimmune exocrinopathy as defined by the NOD.IL-4-gene knockout mouse model of Sjogren's syndrome. Scand J Immunol 54(1-2):133-40. PubMed: 11439159MGI: J:103875
- Briesemeister D; Friese C; Isern CC; Dietz E; Blankenstein T; Thoene-Reineke C; Kammertoens T. 2012. Differences in serum cytokine levels between wild type mice and mice with a targeted mutation suggests necessity of using control littermates. Cytokine 60(3):626-33. PubMed: 22902947MGI: J:192770
- Brunn A; Mihelcic M; Carstov M; Hummel L; Geier F; Schmidt A; Saupe L; Utermohlen O; Deckert M. 2014. IL-10, IL-4, and STAT6 promote an M2 milieu required for termination of P0(106-125)-induced murine experimental autoimmune neuritis. Am J Pathol 184(10):2627-40. PubMed: 25108223MGI: J:214835
- Cain JA; Smith JA; Ondr JK; Wang B; Katz JD. 2006. NKT cells and IFN-gamma establish the regulatory environment for the control of diabetogenic T cells in the nonobese diabetic mouse. J Immunol 176(3):1645-54. PubMed: 16424194MGI: J:126603
- Chiaramonte MG; Mentink-Kane M; Jacobson BA; Cheever AW; Whitters MJ; Goad ME; Wong A; Collins M; Donaldson DD; Grusby MJ; Wynn TA. 2003. Regulation and function of the interleukin 13 receptor alpha 2 during a T helper cell type 2-dominant immune response. J Exp Med 197(6):687-701. PubMed: 12642601MGI: J:124413
- Cole N; Hume EB; Khan S; Garthwaite L; Schubert T; Reeve V; Willcox MD. 2007. The corneal response to infection with Staphylococcus aureus in the absence of interleukin-4. Immunol Cell Biol 85(4):333-7. PubMed: 17389870MGI: J:122715
- Crow AR; Song S; Semple JW; Freedman J; Lazarus AH. 2007. A role for IL-1 receptor antagonist or other cytokines in the acute therapeutic effects of IVIg? Blood 109(1):155-8. PubMed: 16954498MGI: J:142178
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- D'Orazio TJ; Niederkorn JY. 1998. A novel role for TGF-beta and IL-10 in the induction of immune privilege. J Immunol 160(5):2089-98. PubMed: 9498745MGI: J:111362
- Dalessandri T; Crawford G; Hayes M; Castro Seoane R; Strid J. 2016. IL-13 from intraepithelial lymphocytes regulates tissue homeostasis and protects against carcinogenesis in the skin. Nat Commun 7:12080. PubMed: 27357235MGI: J:240789
- Denzel A; Maus UA; Rodriguez Gomez M; Moll C; Niedermeier M; Winter C; Maus R; Hollingshead S; Briles DE; Kunz-Schughart LA; Talke Y; Mack M. 2008. Basophils enhance immunological memory responses. Nat Immunol 9(7):733-42. PubMed: 18516038MGI: J:137679
- Derecki NC; Cardani AN; Yang CH; Quinnies KM; Crihfield A; Lynch KR; Kipnis J. 2010. Regulation of learning and memory by meningeal immunity: a key role for IL-4. J Exp Med 207(5):1067-80. PubMed: 20439540MGI: J:160932
- Diaz-de-Durana Y; Mantchev GT; Bram RJ; Franco A. 2006. TACI-BLyS signaling via B-cell-dendritic cell cooperation is required for naive CD8+ T-cell priming in vivo. Blood 107(2):594-601. PubMed: 16195331MGI: J:126637
- Dieli F; Sireci G; Scire E; Salerno A; Bellavia A. 1999. Impaired contact hypersensitivity to trinitrochlorobenzene in interleukin-4-deficient mice. Immunology 98(1):71-9. PubMed: 10469236MGI: J:110461
- Dohi T; Fujihashi K; Koga T; Etani Y; Yoshino N; Kawamura YI; McGhee JR. 2004. CD4+CD45RBHi interleukin-4 defective T cells elicit antral gastritis and duodenitis. Am J Pathol 165(4):1257-68. PubMed: 15466391MGI: J:93676
- Emson CL; Bell SE; Jones A; Wisden W; McKenzie AN. 1998. Interleukin (IL)-4-independent induction of immunoglobulin (Ig)E, and perturbation of T cell development in transgenic mice expressing IL-13. J Exp Med 188(2):399-404. PubMed: 9670052MGI: J:112473
- Everest P; Allen J; Papakonstantinopoulou A; Mastroeni P; Roberts M ; Dougan G. 1997. Salmonella typhimurium infections in mice deficient in interleukin-4 production: role of IL-4 in infection-associated pathology. J Immunol 159(4):1820-7. PubMed: 9257845MGI: J:42104
- Fallon PG; Ballantyne SJ; Mangan NE; Barlow JL; Dasvarma A; Hewett DR; McIlgorm A; Jolin HE; McKenzie AN. 2006. Identification of an interleukin (IL)-25-dependent cell population that provides IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 at the onset of helminth expulsion. J Exp Med 203(4):1105-16. PubMed: 16606668MGI: J:123748
- Fallon PG; Emson CL; Smith P; McKenzie AN. 2001. IL-13 overexpression predisposes to anaphylaxis following antigen sensitization. J Immunol 166(4):2712-6. PubMed: 11160336MGI: J:135014
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- Hasnain SZ; Evans CM; Roy M; Gallagher AL; Kindrachuk KN; Barron L; Dickey BF; Wilson MS; Wynn TA; Grencis RK; Thornton DJ. 2011. Muc5ac: a critical component mediating the rejection of enteric nematodes. J Exp Med 208(5):893-900. PubMed: 21502330MGI: J:177306
- Havarinasab S; Haggqvist B; Bjorn E; Pollard KM; Hultman P. 2005. Immunosuppressive and autoimmune effects of thimerosal in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 204(2):109-21. PubMed: 15808517MGI: J:97345
- Havarinasab S; Pollard KM; Hultman P. 2009. Gold- and silver-induced murine autoimmunity--requirement for cytokines and CD28 in murine heavy metal-induced autoimmunity. Clin Exp Immunol 155(3):567-76. PubMed: 19077085MGI: J:146057
- Hertz CJ; Filutowicz H; Mansfield JM. 1998. Resistance to the African trypanosomes is IFN-gamma dependent. J Immunol 161(12):6775-83. PubMed: 9862708MGI: J:115095
- Hesse M; Modolell M; La Flamme AC; Schito M; Fuentes JM; Cheever AW; Pearce EJ; Wynn TA. 2001. Differential regulation of nitric oxide synthase-2 and arginase-1 by type 1/type 2 cytokines in vivo: granulomatous pathology is shaped by the pattern of L-arginine metabolism. J Immunol 167(11):6533-44. PubMed: 11714822MGI: J:72822
- Hill NJ; Stotland AB; Sarvetnick NE. 2007. Distinct regulation of autoreactive CD4 T cell expansion by interleukin-4 under conditions of lymphopenia. J Leukoc Biol 81(3):757-65. PubMed: 17164429MGI: J:118599
- Hoffmann KF; Cheever AW; Wynn TA. 2000. IL-10 and the dangers of immune polarization: excessive type 1 and type 2 cytokine responses induce distinct forms of lethal immunopathology in murine schistosomiasis. J Immunol 164(12):6406-16. PubMed: 10843696MGI: J:124519
- Hoffmann KF; James SL; Cheever AW; Wynn TA. 1999. Studies with double cytokine-deficient mice reveal that highly polarized Th1- and Th2-type cytokine and antibody responses contribute equally to vaccine-induced immunity to Schistosoma mansoni. J Immunol 163(2):927-38. PubMed: 10395689MGI: J:56157
- Hofstetter HH; Sewell DL; Liu F; Sandor M; Forsthuber T; Lehmann PV; Fabry Z. 2003. Autoreactive T cells promote post-traumatic healing in the central nervous system. J Neuroimmunol 134(1-2):25-34. PubMed: 12507769MGI: J:119263
- Horsley V; Jansen KM; Mills ST; Pavlath GK. 2003. IL-4 acts as a myoblast recruitment factor during mammalian muscle growth. Cell 113(4):483-94. PubMed: 12757709MGI: J:107688
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